Правила и задания на отработку навыков словообразования.

Приставка, которая  начинается на "i”, изменяется в зависимости от того, какая за ней стоит буква:il + l,ir + r, im + b, m, p.
re- to construct (строить) - to reconstruct (перестроить), to read (читать) - to reread (перечитать), to write (писать) - to rewrite (переписать)
un-dis-de-anti-counter-contra- o dress (одеваться) - to undress (раздеваться), to appear (появляться) - to disappear (исчезать)formation (формирование) - deformation (деформация)fascist (фашист) - anti-fascist (антифашист)attack (атака) - counterattack (контратака)to  contradict (противоречить, возражать)
a-ab-un-im-in-ir-il-dis-mis-non- amoral (аморальный, безнравственный)absent (отсутствующий)kind (добрый) - unkind (недобрый)possible (возможный) - impossible (невозможный)ability (способность) - inability (неспособность)regular (регулярный) - irregular (нерегулярный) legal (законный) - illegal (незаконный) honest (честный) - dishonest (нечестный), to understand (понимать) - to misunderstand (неправильно понять)non-interference (невмешательство)
over-super-ultra-extra- to pay (платить) - to overpay (переплатить) human (человеческий) - superhuman (сверхчеловеческий) short (короткий) - ultra-short (ультракороткий)ordinary (обычный) - extraordinary (необычный)
co-inter- existence (существование) - co-existence (сосуществование)national (национальный) - international (международный)
pre-fore- historic (исторический) - prehistoric (доисторический)to foresee (предвидеть)
post- revolutionary (революционный) - post-revolutionary (послереволюционный)
under- production (производство)  -  underproduction (недопроизводство)
sub- division (разделение) - subdivision (подразделение)
ex- champion (чемпион) - ex-champion (бывший чемпион)
auto- autobiography (автобиография)
semi- semicircle (полукруг)
trans- transatlantic (трансатлантический)
up- upstairs (вверх по лестнице), to uproot (вырывать с корнем)
bi- bilingual (двуязычный)
bibli(o)- bibliography (библиография)
bio- biography (биография)
by- by-street (переулок, улочка)
multi-poly- multicolored (многоцветный)polyglot (полиглот)
en- danger (опасность) - to endanger (подвергать опасности), force (сила) - to enforce (принуждать)
Словообразование с помощью суффиксов:Существительные:
-ist-(i)anCommunist (коммунист); artist (художник)historian (историк); Russian (русский)
-ismheroism (героизм)
-er-or-ee-eerto teach (учить) - teacher (учитель), to direct (руководить) - director (руководитель)employee (служащий), refugee (беженец, эмигрант)auctioneer (аукционер)
-ment-adeachievement (достижение)lemonade (лимонад)
-hood-ship-(a)cybrotherhood (братство)dictatorship (диктатура)accuracy (точность)
-age-ing-ence-ance-(t)ion-ition-ation-sion-al shortage (нехватка), voyage (путешествие) hunting (охота)silence (молчание), difference (различие)importance (важность)collection (собрание, коллекция)competition (соревнование), hesitation (сомнение, колебание)decision (решение),removal (удаление), arrival (прибытие)
-dom-ness-tyfreedom (свобода)kindness (доброта), weakness (слабость) activity (активность), safety (безопасность)
-erybakery (булочная), slavery (рабство)
-icsphysics (физика), politics (политика)
Прилагательные:
-ese-ishChinese (китаец, китайский); reddish (красноватый), childish (ребячливый)
-ive-ent-antto talk (разговаривать) – talkative (разговорчивый) to differ (различать) - different (различный), to observe (наблюдать) - observant (наблюдательный) 
-ic-al-ful-ous-y base (основа) - basic (основной)centre (центр) - central (центральный)beauty (красота) - beautiful (красивый)fame (слава) - famous (знаменитый) cloud (облако) - cloudy (облачный)
-ary-oryelement (элемент) - elementary (элементарный)illusion (иллюзия) - illusory (обманчивый, иллюзорный)
-able-ibleto change (изменить) - changeable (изменчивый)sense (чувство) - sensible (благоразумный)
-lessuseless (бесполезный), windless (безветренный)
Глаголы:
-ate-en-(i)fy-ize/iseactive (активный) - to activate (активизировать)short (короткий) - to shorten (укоротить)simple (простой) - to simplify (упрощать)character (характер) - to characterize (характеризовать)
Наречия:
-lybad (плохой) - badly (плохо)
-wards-wardafter (после) - afterwards (впоследствии),home (дом, домой) - homeward (к дому, по направлению к дому)
В английском языке управление глаголов не совпадает с русским языком, поэтому будет полезно выучить следующие глаголы с их послелогами:
accuse someone of doing something – обвинить кого-то в делании чего-либоact from (some reason) – действовать из (каких-то причин)agree to something - согласиться на что-либоapologize for something - извиниться за что-либоapologize to someone – извиниться перед кем-либоapply for (a job) – обратиться за (работой)arrive at something – прибыть куда-либо (место, например заведение)arrive home – прибыть домойarrive in something – прибыть куда-либо (город или страна)ask someone of something – просить кого-то о чём-тоbe afraid of (doing) something - бояться чего-либоbe angry about something - злиться на что-либо be angry with somebody - злиться на кого-либоbe aware of something – быть в курсе чего-либо be concerned about something – быть обеспокоенным чем-либоbe dependent on something - зависеть от чего-либоbe famous for something – быть знаменитым за что-либоbe good at something - быть способным в чем-либоbe impressed by/with - быть впечатленным чем-либоbe pleased with someone / something - быть довольным кем-либо / чем-либоbe similar to something – быть похожим на что-либоbe sorry about something - сожалеть о чем-либоbe sorry for doing something - сожалеть о чем-либо содеянномbe upset about something - быть расстроенным чем-либоbelong to someone – принадлежать кому-либоblame someone for something – бранить кого-то за что-тоborrow something from someone – занять что-то у кого-тоcare about something – считать что-то важнымcare for someone – заботиться, присматривать за кем-тоtake care of – то же самое, в т. ч. take care of yourself («береги себя»)charge someone with something – обвинить кого-то в чём-либоcollide with something – сталкиваться с чем-либоcomplain to somebody about something - жаловаться кому-либо о чем-либоconcentrate on something – сосредотачиваться на чём-либоconform to something - соответствовать чему-либоcongratulate someone on something – поздравить кого-то с чем-тоconsist of something - состоять из чего-либоcrash/drive/run into something – въехать, врезаться во что-либоdepend on something – зависеть от чего-либоdie from/ of something – умереть от чего-либоdivide/cut/split something into (parts) – разделить/разрезать что-либо на (части)do something about something – поделать что-то с чем-то (как-то исправить)do something of (necessity) – сделать что-либо по причине (по необходимости)dream of/about something – мечтать о чём-либо или видеть что-то во снеget on / get off (the bus) – войти/выйти (из автобуса)happen from something – произойти из-за чего-либоhappen to someone – произойти с кем-либоhear about something – услышать о событииhear from somebody - получать от кого-либо известия (по телефону или в письме)hear of something – услышать о существовании чего-либоinsist on something - настаивать на чем-либоjoke on someone – шутить над кем-либоlaugh/smile at something – смеяться/улыбаться над чем-тоleave a place for another place – отбыть из одного места в другоеlive on something – жить на какие-то средстваlook after someone – присматривать за кем-тоlook at something – смотреть на что-либоlook for something – искать что-либоmeet with someone – встретиться с кем-тоpass by something – пройти мимо чего-либоpoint/aim at something – указывать на что-тоprefer something to something – предпочитать что-то чему-тоprotect someone/something from something – защитить что-то от чего-тоprovide someone with something – обеспечивать кого-то чем-тоrefer to something - ссылаться на что-либоregard something as something – считать что-то чем-тоrely on someone – положиться на кого-тоremind of something – напоминать что-то (быть похожим)remind someone about something – напомнить что-то сделатьsearch for something – искать что-либоshout at someone – кричать на кого-тоshout to someone – кричать кому-тоspeak/talk to someone – говорить с кем-тоspend money on something – тратить деньги на что-либоsuffer from something – страдать от чего-тоthink about something – думать о чём-то (обдумывать)think of something – подумать о чём-то или иметь мнение по этому поводуthrow something at something – бросать чем-то во что-тоwait for someone – ждать кого-тоwarn someone against something – предупреждать кого-то о чём-тоwarn someone not to do something – предупреждать кого-то не делать что-то
Несколько советов.
Если перед нами существительное:
1) Наиболее вероятный вариант — образовать от него форму множественного числа (выучить все исключения, типа foot — feet, а если мн. ч. образуется по общему правилу, то быть внимательным — не меняется ли конечная y на i, не меняется ли f на v, не добавляется ли -es вместо привычного — s и прочая головная боль).2) Менее вероятный — притяжательная форма существительного (вроде world — world’s). Я такие задания не видела, но мало ли … Распознать этот случай легко — после пропуска будет стоять еще одно существительное.
Если видите местоимение (например, I), ставите его в правильный падеж — объектный (me), притяжательный (my или mine). Или указательное местоимение (this, that) можно ставите во мн. ч. Неопределенные местоимения (some, any, no, every и их производные) в тестах не видела, но кодификатор предупреждает, что они могут попасться.
С числительными все волшебно просто — преобразуем порядковое в количественное и количественное в порядковое. Главное — выучить все тонкости их правильного написания.
Прилагательное или наречие ставим в какую-то из степеней сравнения. Если перед пропуском стоит than или as … as/ so … as, это сравнительная, а если the, то превосходная.
А вот с глаголами придется подумать. И сначала понять — перед нами личная форма (та, которая изменяется по временам) или неличная (причастие активное или пассивное).
1) Узнать причастие легко — в предложении уже есть сказуемое, выраженное личной формой глагола. Когда узнали, думаем — активное или пассивное у него значение.
2) Если в предложении пропуск стоит после подлежащего, и сказуемого недостает, перед нами точно личная форма.
Как и с причастием, решаем активный это залог или пассивный (переведя предложение) и дальше думаем, в какое время его поставить. В этом же предложении (ну, или в предыдущих) могут стоять слова-подсказки. Если их нет, смотрим на само предложение и что его окружает.
Также нужно уметь распознавать предложения условия (и конструкции с I wish) или согласование времен в косвенной речи, которые также могут тут встретиться.
Упражнение 1. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте существительные.
The study calculated that replacing weekly fruit juice ... with whole fruits could bring health benefits. (consume)
For my birthday Mother baked a cake with yellow ... . (ice)
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are called ... because they provide the fuel your body needs. (nutrition)
Many women have to juggle ... and a full-time job. (mother)
... are unavoidable when three ... live under one roof. (argue, generate)
Her deep ... of her sister was evident. (hate)
Older people who live alone often need help with gardening and house ... (maintain)
Positive attitude helps employees to get along with ... and managers. (worker)
China’s air... has cut life ... by an average of 5.5 years in the north of the country and caused higher rates of lung cancer. (pollute, expect)
It is much safer to use stainless steel or glass ... instead of plastic ones. (contain)
Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте прилагательные.
My favorite ... book is “Appetite” by Nigel Slater. (cooker)
Eating can also make you ..., and so can waking up in the morning. (thirst)
You shouldn’t rest on your laurels but try to improve your ... performance. (academy)
Highly ... gas is naturally found in coal mines. (explode)
An ... species is a species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction. (danger)
The most... earthquake struck in Shanxi, China 1556. (disaster)
... exploitation of nature by man has resulted in the effects we have to deal with now. (thought)
Laos is a landlocked ... country, widely covered by tropical forest. (mountain)
I decided to take a walk. It would be too ... to wait in the queue. (tire)
Упражнение 3. Используйте отрицательные приставки. Образуйте
подходящие по смыслу слова.
The service was slow and the waiter’s familiarity was … , so we left without paying. (accept)
Some children are a challenge, especially when they ... in public places. (behaviour)
To my ... , the restaurant was overbooked and we had to spend the evening at home. (appoint)
Michael was ... about what dessert to order. (decide)
Parents’... of their children’s behaviour and life choices can ruin their lives. (approve)
There is a huge difference between ... children and those merely ... to listen to their parents’ advice. (obey, will)
Young children mustn’t be left ... either at home or at public places. (attention)
She was frequently left alone by her ... husband. (faith)
If you describe someone as ..., you are criticising them because they are unable to do their job or a task properly or are ... to act in this capacity. (competence, qualifications)
Banks are still seen as ... and many people keep their savings at home. (security)
Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, образуйте глаголы.
Guar gum also is used in the food industry to ... products like ice cream. (thick)
Old Manchester houses are made of red brick... by soot. (black)
David spotted the pink silk lampshade in a shop and thought it would ... up the room. (bright)
Do we ever stop to think about the importance of the air we ... ? (breath)
I’d like to ... this dress for one in a larger size. (change)
They ... 100 dollars from a bank account an hour ago. (draw)
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки. Образуйте подходящие по смыслу слова.
Sometimes one's ... are the only people one can ... in. (parental, confidence)
Many people ... that getting a spouse can put them out of their..., which later... wrong, because sometimes marriage makes life more difficult. (belief, miserable, proof)
An ... Roman ... has been discovered in northwest England, (extend, settle)
The dining-room is elegantly ... and ... carpeted, (furniture, luxury)
Everyone is ... of her having the chance to ... abroad, (envy, student)
When employers look at... candidates, beyond skills, experience, and training, they look for those who demonstrate ... (prospect, enthuse)
In the city the ... and ... were insufferable, (hot, humid)
Our planet’s... regions, located just north and south of the equator, are known for their... and ... (tropic, warm, humid)
Next to Shakespeare, no ... gets more love on Broadway than Tennessee Williams, (play)
During Elizabeth’s reign England significantly ... its trade ... and in 1580 Sir Francis Drake became the first Englishman to successfully ... the earth, (expansion, sea, circumnavigation)
Ключи.
Exercise 1.1 consumption, 2 icing, 3 nutrients, 4 motherhood/maternity, 5 arguments, generations, 6 hatred, 7 maintenance,  8 co-workers, 9 pollution, expectancy
Exercise 2.1 cookery, 2 thirsty, 3 academic, 4 explosive, 5 endangered, 6 disastrous, 7 thoughtless, 8 mountainous, 9 tiresome
Exercise 3.1 unacceptable, 2 misbehave, 3 disappointment, 4 indecisive, 5 disapproval, 6 disobedient, unwilling, 7 unattended,  8 unfaithful, 9 incompetent, unqualified, 10 insecure
Exercise 4.1 thicken, 2 blackened, 3 brighten, 4 breathe, 5 exchange, 6 withdrew
Exercise 5.1 parents, confide, 2 believe, misery, proves, 3 extensive, settlement, 4 furnished, luxuriously 5 envious, study, 6 prospective, enthusiasm, 7 heat, humidity, 8 tropic (al), warmth, humidity, 9 playwright, 10 expanded, oversea (s), circumnavigate
Тренировочные тесты.
Test 1.This is the most . . . . . . concert I‘ve ever been to. (Expense)
Her husband’s not a very…...person. (Patience)
Susan is very…...and wants to do well. (Ambition)
Show some……. Don’t you like the idea? (Enthuse)
Her problem is that she has not enough……in herself. (Confide)
Dan is really very……, even rude sometimes. (Polite)
I haven’t been to the cinema…… . (Recent)
Mary…… and they never s aw her again. (Appear)
Test 2.Most people have no real…… in ghosts.(Believe)
Mark Twain wrote many…… stories. (Humour)
The children’s…… at the concert was excellent. (Behave)
Rita asked for a …… and cashier gave her one. (Receive)
Do you think you have the…… to pass the exam? (Able)
You need a lot of …… to write a good story. (Imagine)
I read an interesting …… in the newspaper. (Advertise)
Their friendship began in their …… . (Child)
Test 3.I’m telling you the ……! I swear! (True)
Your composition isn’t good enough. You’ll have to …… it. (Write)
Did you know Ann used to work as a …… when she was younger? (Wait)
They need your …… before they can do it. (Sign)
It all happened quite…… . I didn’t have time to think. (Sudden)
I’m sure his new film is going to be a huge…… .(Succeed)
Did Paul give an …… for his actions? (Explain)
The …… of the village are all very kind. (Inhabit)
Test 4.The leaflet gives a brief…… of each place. (Describe)
Can you give us a quick …… of how it works? (Explain)
Olga broke the vase during an …… with her husband. (Argue)
Gold is a very …… metal. (Value)
Peter began to feel depressed and …… . (Help)
His book is the result of years of …… research. (Care)
This snake is not …… at all. (Danger)
The bright flowers make the room look….. . (Cheer)
Test 5. 1. Teenagers nowadays are more interested in ……. problems. (Globe)
2. Have you seen the new Levi …… on TV? (Advertise)
3. I looked everywhere but I couldn’t find him. He’s …… (Appear)
4. It’s very…… to drink and drive. (Danger)
5. Can you give me some more …… about this adventure holiday? (Inform)
6. We need to put up some …… for tonight’s party. (Decorate)
7. The weather today will be cold and…… . (Wind)
8. Margarita was very …… with the service. (Satisfy)
Test 6.
They put a lot of …… on him to agree to their demands. (Press)
I’ve had three…… nights and l feel exhausted. (Sleep)
If you have problems with your ……, see a doctor. (Circulate)
I’m feeling very …… today. I think I’ll go for a run. (Energy)
Remember that …… are also human. (Examine)
His nose was quite …… for days after he’d it pierced. ( Pain)
There are a lot of …… restaurants in this area. (Fashion)
Although she isn’t beautiful, most men find her quite…… (Attract).
Test 7.
1.The food was completely …… ; he was a useless cook .(Taste)
2. There were over 500 ……to the temple every day .(Visit )
3. You can’t hope to win the race without any …… .(Train)
4. In spite of her ……,Jane continued her journey .(Hungry )
5.Hard as he tried , he was unable to find …… .(Solve ) 6.I …… speaking , I don’t think Latin is a useful subject .(Person)
7.You need to organize your time more …… (Efficient ) Test 8.Stories are more ……. than lists of words .(Memory )
His exam results were very …… . (Please )
Passing exams will help you to get a ……job .(Good )
You should revise on a regular …… (Base )
There are books that are specially …….for foreign learners.(Simple )
A degree is a very useful…….to have .(Qualify )
I hope you will take into …… what I have just said to you .(Consider )
This new book had many beautiful ……in it .(ILLUSTRATE)
Test 9.
1.My aunt became …….when she went to America. (Fame)
2.Paul sings …….; I’m surprised he isn’t a professional singer. (Beauty)
3.I was …….to see all my old friends again. (Delight ) 4.They bought some …… for their new house. (Furnish ) 5. She lives in a really ……mansion in the suburbs. (Luxury ) 6. Are you sitting ……. in that chair ? (Comfort ) 7.Everyone was nervous about the ……’s visit. (Inspector)
8.Our teacher has a really strong ……. . (Person)
9.His father has the best …… of ancient coins. (Collect)

Test 10. 1.The teacher wanted to know what my greatest …….(Ambitious)
2.I……ever go to the theatre. I don’t like it .(Hard )
3.Marina has a very …… manner , which I appreciate .(Relax)
4.Her son took part in the world ……last year .(Champion)
5.I was …….when victor said I was beautiful.(Flatter)
6. Julia got a ……for best leading actress .(Nominate )
7.She’s a very ……thinker .(Origin)
8.Her friend is very …….! You can trust him .(Rely)
Ответы к тренировочным тестам.
Test 1.
1. Expensive
2. Patient
3.Ambitious 4.Enthusiasm 5. Confidence
6.Impolite 7.Recently 8.DisappearedTest 2.Belief
Humorous
Behaviour Receipt
Ability
Success
Advertisement
Childhood

Test 3. 1. Truth
2. Rewrite
3. Waitress
4. Signature
5. Suddenly
6. Success
7.Explanation 8. Inhabitants
Test 4.Description
Explanation
Argument
Valuable
Helpless
Careful
Dangerous
Cheerful
Test 5. 1. Global
2. Advertisement
3. Disappeared
4. Dangerous
5. Information
6. Decorations
7. Windy
8. Satisfied
Test 6. 1. Pressure
2. Sleepless
3. Circulation
4. Energetic
5. Examiners
6.PainfulTest 7. 1.Tasteless 2. Visitors
3.Training 4 . Hunger
5. Solution
6. Personally
7. Efficiently

Test 8. 1. Memorable
2. Pleasant
3. Better
4. Basis
5. Simplified
6. Qualification
7. Consideration
8. ILLustrationsTest 9.
Famous
Beautifully
Delighted
Furniture
Luxurious
Comfortably
Inspector
Personality
Collection

Test 10.Ambition
Hardly
Relaxed
Championship
Flattered
Nomination
Original
Reliable
B13 Gina was going to play the part of a very old woman in the school play. She was looking forward to the first …………………………… of the show. PERFORM
B14 A few minutes before going on stage, she had an accident. She didn't notice a box on the floor, fell over it, and hurt her knee very ……………………………. BAD
B15 She could barely walk and she didn't know what to do. She felt ……………………………. USE
B16 Then she remembered the expression "the show must go on." Although Gina's pain was……………………………, she decided to carry on with the play. TERROR
B17 Every second on stage was really……………………………, but somehow she managed it. PAIN
B18 Everyone thought her acting was very…………………………… and that she really looked like an old lady! IMPRESS
B13 Have you heard of the English city of York? It's one of the most …………………………… cities in the UK. FAME
B14 The Romans started the city in 71 AD. It quickly grew to become …………………………… to the Roman Empire as a military base. CENTRE
B15 In 211, Constantine I was crowned Emperor in York. This was …………………………… unusual and special, as Emperors were almost always crowned in Rome. REAL
B16 The historical …………………………… of York is also symbolised by the Minister, one of the largest churches in the world. IMPORTANT
B17 The city burnt down in a …………………………… fire in 1137, but managed to recover to become a centre of trade and commerce by the 1500s. DISASTER
B18 Fire struck again in 1984 and the Minister was badly damaged, but ……………………………, like the city itself, the Minister recovered its former glory to stand tall once again. FORTUNE
B13 Ask an American man to choose between losing his …………………… house and losing his car, COMFORT
B14 and he might …………………… choose to keep his car. EASY
B15 A car, after all, gives you ……………………, and this is what Americans want most of all. FREE
B16 The car is such an important part of American …………………… that many just can’t live without it. LIVE
B17 A woman living in a suburb, for example, has a twenty-minute drive to take her children to school. She then turns her car around and drives for half an hour in another ……………………to get to her job in an office. DIRECT
B18 To do her ……………………, she has another long drive to a super-market, so she plans and buys food for two weeks in one trip. SHOP
B13 Did you know that the man who invented James   Bond was a secret agent himself? Before he started   writing the James Bond stories, Jan Fleming worked for British Naval Intelligence.
In some ways, Jan Fleming was just like James   Bond. When he was young, women found him very …………………….    ATTRACT
B14 Jan Fleming was also educated at Eton and was …………………… in sports.  INTEREST
B15 And like his …………………… character, Jan Fleming liked adventure, gambling, fast cars, fine wines and good food.  FICTION
B16 In 1939, Jan Fleming met someone in the British   Naval Intelligence who was looking for bright    young men. Though he was young Jan Fleming was given a lot of ……………………. RESPONSIBLE
B17 He plotted intelligence …………………… and carried out dangerous missions. Very soon, he became the right-hand man to one of Britain's top spymasters, Admiral John Godfrey.  OPERATE
B18 During his quite …………………… career, Fleming met many important people and he used some of them as models for the characters in his books.  SUCCESS
B13 I grew up in the UK in the 1980s. During my……………………………, there wasn't always a lot to do in the summer holidays. CHILD
B14 On the rare occasions when it was a warm…………………………… day, we'd go for a picnic on Blackpool beach. SUN
B15 As far as my family were concerned, there was nothing more …………………………… than eating sandwiches on the beach. ENJOY
B16 We hardly ever went swimming, though, as the water was often …………………………… cold. So we would just play on the wet sand. EXTREME
B17 But even if we were …………………………… with the weather and it started raining, we could always go for some fish and chips. LUCKY
B18 Nothing gave us more pleasure after a…………………………… day at the seaside. TIRE
B13 When Nick returned from his holiday, he met his friend Jill for a drink. She asked him if he had had a …………………………… time. RELAX
B14 Nick said he'd really enjoyed swimming and visiting all the ……………………………, but that it hadn't all been perfect. ATTRACT
B15 Because of this, Jill asked him what had made him…………………………… during the trip. HAPPY
B16 Nick replied that he hadn't really liked the hot weather. "You can't …………………………… enjoy yourself when you're sweating all the time," he said. EASY
B17 Jill reminded him that now he was back in London, where it was grey and ……………………………. CLOUD
B18 "I know," said Nick, "but…………………………… I still have some sunburn from Thailand to keep me warm!" LUCKY
B13 Baseball is one of many bat-and-ball games. It has enjoyed great …………………………… in the USA for more than 150 years. POPULAR
B14 Baseball is almost the same as the British game rounders, although the two games have slightly…………………………… rules. DIFFER
B15 No-one knows for sure where baseball or rounders were …………………………… played. ORIGINAL
B16 Cricket also shares several …………………………… with both baseball and rounders. SIMILAR
B17 One …………………………… of cricket, at least for those learning the game, is that it has some strange rules and a complicated scoring system. ADVANTAGE
B18 Which is your …………………………… game of the three? FAVOUR
B13 Ravi Shankar was born in 1920 and lived until 2010. He was a famous …………………………… from India. MUSIC
B14 He played an instrument known as the sitar, which looks a little like a guitar but only has three strings. Its name …………………………… comes from a word meaning "three strings". ACTUAL
B15 Shankar played …………………………… Indian songs that dated back centuries but were mostly unknown outside his own country. CLASSIC
B16 In the 1950s, Shankar began touring the USA, playing Indian music around the country. He soon became popular with American music……………………………. LOVE
B17 Before long, Shankar was giving concerts all over the world. He had become a real …………………………… music star. NATIONAL
B18 Shankar won many awards in his…………………………… career. He won Grammy awards and received the highest civilian honours in India and France. CREDIBLE
B13 I went shopping yesterday. When I went into my local bookshop, I saw something……………………………. AMAZE
B14 Jamie Oliver, the famous TV chef, was signing copies of his latest cookbook. You can't imagine my …………………………… at meeting him in person. EXCITE
B15 I've seen a few other …………………………… over the years, but Jamie Oliver is one of my favourites. CELEBRATE
B16 He has done various TV cookery shows, teaching viewers how to cook food which is quite simple, but still …………………………… and delicious. HEALTH
B17 Jaime Oliver always appears to be such a friendly person. Some TV chefs, on the other hand, seem to try to be as …………………………… as possible. PLEASANT
B18 I think they want viewers to ……………………………them, perhaps because hating them actually makes people keep watching their TV shows. LIKE
B13 In spite of the …………………… reputation of the British, over 16 million Valentine cards are sent each year on February 14th. 39% of Valentine cards are sent by women and 61% by men.  ROMANTIC
B14 ……………………, Valentine cards were only sent by men to women. They were all handmade and elaborately decorated.  ORIGINAL
B15 The oldest …………………… Valentine card can be found in the British Museum. It was sent in the year 1415.  EXIST
B16 St Valentine's Day is now …………………… in many  countries  all over  the  world, CELEBRATION
B17 …………………… Russia   and  China.  INCLUDE
B18 But in …………………… China your flowers can be confiscated if the police see you in the street with a bouquet.  ATHEISM
B13 The gorilla is a shy creature and seldom violent.
In fact, it is quite different from the …………………… animal we sometimes see in films and comic books. It only stands on two legs and beats its chest if it wants to frighten an enemy away.  DANGER
B14 Gorillas are the largest and the most …………………… of all the apes. Adult males reach an average height of 150-170 cm and weigh from 135 to 230 kg.  Females are smaller.  POWER
B15 Both males and females are ……………………strong and can tear down branches and pull up small trees.  EXTREME
B16 They spend their days …………………… for food or resting in the warm sun.  LOOK
B17 But there are few of these animals left in the wild.  This is because people are cutting down the forests in which gorillas …………………….  LIFE
B18 If we want to save the gorilla, we must take …………………… now.  ACT
B13 According to 'the older generation' teenagers are lazy, they wear …………………… clothes and are rude to their elders.   RIDICULE
B14 What's more, they spend all their time listening to awful music and watching ……………………films. And all they ever think about is parties, drugs and sex. SUITABLE
B15 ……………………, it seems to me to be quite the opposite. Teenagers spend a lot of time thinking about their work (studies), their families and friends and their hobbies. ACTUAL
B16 Sure, they think about clothes, money, their bodies and …………………… in a certain situation. BEHAVE
B17 But isn't it the same for most people? So what about the myth that all teenagers are rude,   selfish, lazy and ……………………? As far as I'm concerned, it's nonsense. GREED
B18 The vast majority of young people I meet are polite, ……………………, open, interested and hard-working.                                    FRIEND
B13 Physical fitness is a general state of good health, usually as a result of exercise and nutrition. Physical fitness can also be described as a condition that allows us to look, feel and do our best. Being fit helps us have more energy for work or school, and enough energy to enjoy our leisure time ……………………. ACTIVE
B14 Fitness is an individual quality. It is influenced by age, sex, heredity, …………………… habits, exercise and eating practices.   PERSON
B15 You can't do …………………… about the first three factors. However, it is within your power to change and improve the others where needed. ANY
B16 The level of physical fitness can be influenced by regular, …………………… exercise. How often, how long and how hard you exercise, and what kinds of exercises you do should be determined by what you are trying to get. SYSTEM
B17 For example, an athlete …………………… for high-level competition TRAIN
B18 would follow a …………………… program than a person whose goals are good health and active life. DIFFER
B13 I think my mission is to create a good home. Home isn't just walls or people or memories connected with ……………………. CHILD
B14 Home is something …………………… different. ABSOLUTE
B15 It's the atmosphere of love, ……………………HAPPY
B16 and …………………… that gives me lots of life energy. Home is my mother whom I love very much. UNDERSTAND
B17 Sometimes she worries about me when I come home late or do …………………… things. Sorry, mum! EXPECTED
B18 Home is my brother whom I love too, though sometimes he annoys me very much. Home is the place where I can hide away from all my …………………… where I can relax after a hard school day and be myself. If I leave my home, a piece of it will be always in my heart. DIFFICULT

B13 In 2002, a new movie was released. The plot is very simple. The hero, Peter Parker, is a student and also works as a ……………………. PHOTO
B14 He lives in New York with his aunt and uncle.  He is a shy young man, in love with a girl next door, but he is very awkward, and the girl doesn't notice him much. In short there is nothing …………………… about him. HERO
B15 But one day he is bitten by the mutant spider and gets its qualities. Now he has superhuman …………………… and reflexes, STRONG
B16 he walks up walls and sticks …………………… to any surface, he can shoot webbing from his wrists. PRACTICAL
B17 Peter decides to use his extraordinary   powers to fight …………………… living in his city. CRIME
B18 In his …………………… red suit, Spiderman patrols the streets to save the good people of New York from all kinds of danger. WONDER
B13 Scientists say that in the future people will live longer. With healthier lifestyles and better …………………… care the average person can live to 100. MEDICINE
B14 But that's tomorrow. And today, we continue to stuff ourselves with fast food. What is tasty is not always healthy. Doctors say that chips and pizzas are fattening, cola spoils our teeth and coffee …………………… our lives. SHORT
B15 If we eat too much, it will lead to heart disease, diabetes and other serious ……………………. But the world today is getting fatter and fatter. ILL
B16 Lack of exercise is another ……………………problem. We spend hours in front of our computers and TV-sets. Few of us do morning exercises. We walk less, because we prefer to use cars or public   transport. Research shows, however, that young people who don't take enough exercise often suffer from heart attacks. IMPORTANCE
B17 It's common …………………… that cigarettes and alcohol can make our lives shorter dramatically. KNOW
B18 Yet many young people drink beer and few of them give up ……………………. We all know that the healthier we are, the better we feel. The better we feel, the longer we live. So why not take care of ourselves? SMOKE
B13 The use of animals for …………………… purposes is a difficult ethical problem. Many people owe their lives to modern drugs or surgical techniques that first were tested on animals. SCIENCE
B14 Some of these …………………… would not have been possible without animal experiments. DEVELOP
B15 People who campaign for animal rights are usually young and ……………………, and have not yet needed the benefits of medical progress. HEALTH
B16 Perhaps it is ethically …………………… to sacrifice animals for the sake of medical research, as long as the animals do not suffer. ACCEPT
B17 But that …………………… point of view rises another difficult question: THEORY
B18 what can be considered as ……………………? SUFFER
B13 In an epoch of technical progress, reading books is losing its value. Little by little radio, television and internet are beginning to force books from our …………………… life. If in the past a lot of the greatest poets and writers, such as Pushkin, Yesenin, Bulgakov created their works, in our days such masters of words are absent. DAY
B14 We begin to consider some detective and love stories of poor quality as 'literary works'. It's a big …………………… for all mankind. ADVANTAGE
B15 A book is a …………………… friend for a man. Reading is the thing which helps us to develop our soul, teaches us to get to know our life. FAITH
B16 The heroes of books, by their examples, help us to avoid mistakes. A good book is a wise company, which can give us ……………………advice. USE
B17 Reading develops our memory; our speech becomes richer, more literate and ……………………. EXPRESS
B18 Reading books in a foreign languages, we can get to know the culture and traditions of native ……………………, improve our language and broaden our outlook. SPEAK
B13 Do you know that …………………… clothes can be bad for you!  FASHION
B14 This may surprise you, but some clothes can cause …………………… problems.  VARIETY
B15 Researchers have discovered that following the latest fashion trends can be ……………………. For example, if you tie a scarf or tie too tightly it increases your blood pressure. Tight jeans and trousers, short skirts may all cause illnesses.  HEALTHY
B16 How can we explain this? Very tight clothes can prevent people moving ……………………, and this is not good for you.  NATURAL
B17 If you wear trousers or skirts that are too tight around the waist, then your stomach does not have room to expand after you have eaten, and this can cause stomachache. ……………………shoes with high heels can lead to foot and back problems.  WEAR
B18 Even practical shoes can cause backache if they don't fit you …………………….  PROPER
B13 Centuries ago, people didn't have much free time, because everybody was ……………………working too hard. SIMPLE
B14 In Britain in the nineteenth century, people invented football, rugby and cricket. It was even …………………… to watch a sportPOSSIBILITY
B15 and give the …………………… that you were actually doing something. IMPRESS
B16 Later leisure activities became less and less demanding, and most people got a variety of more or less …………………… interests and hobbies. ENERGY
B17 But now there is a new type of person who thinks that lying on the sofa watching television is the most exciting thing. This is the twentieth-century couch potato. For them, every …………………… is too much trouble, ACTIVE
B18 and …………………… is an art form! LAZY
B13 I like travelling because it can ……………………outlook and helps me to understand other cultures. BROAD
B14 I think that I'm already an experienced ……………………. TRAVEL
B15 First of all everything should be ……………………planned. I'm not an adult yet so I travel with my parents. This year we decided to go to Britain. CAREFUL
B16 In Britain we stayed in a small hotel near London. It offered us a wide range of …………………… games, such as tennis and football, DIFFER
B17 and a lot of ……………………: boating, canoeing and soon. ACTIVE
B18 …………………… was offered for those who wanted to get to remote places choosing scenic routes. CYCLE
B13 Scotland is a popular tourist destination. To me, the main …………………… of Scotland is its castles.  ATTRACT
B14 The landscape in Scotland is more dramatic than in England and the castles look very…………………… there.  IMPRESS
B15 One doesn't need to be a poet or an…………………… to see their beauty.  ART
B16 Visiting Edinburgh Castle was an ……………………experience. Its location is remarkable - it was built on top of a volcanic rock. Luckily, the volcano has never disturbed the Castle. FORGETABLE
B17 But it has been …………………… damaged by people. Like most ancient castles, Edinburgh Castle was built as a fortress. It has been involved in many military conflicts, ruined and restored several times. The oldest part of the Castle dates from 12th century, the other parts were constructed and reconstructed later.  SERIOUS
B18 Now the Castle houses several museums, including the …………………… War Museum.  NATION
B13 I like travelling because it can ……………………outlook and helps me to understand other cultures. BROAD
B14 I think that I'm already an experienced ……………………. TRAVEL
B15 First of all everything should be ……………………planned. I'm not an adult yet so I travel with my parents. This year we decided to go to Britain. CAREFUL
B16 In Britain we stayed in a small hotel near London. It offered us a wide range of …………………… games, such as tennis and football, DIFFER
B17 and a lot of ……………………: boating, canoeing and soon. ACTIVE
B18 …………………… was offered for those who wanted to get to remote places choosing scenic routes. CYCLE
B13 The Internet is a great invention that has changed the way we communicate forever. Nowadays, if you want to exchange …………………… with someone, it's not important how far away the person is. INFORM
B14 What …………………… matters is whether he has access to the Internet or not. REAL
B15 I know that when people started to experiment with the Internet, it required lots of ……………………. EQUIP
B16 Computers and other devices were very large in size and it was …………………… to carry them around – they were always kept in a laboratory. POSSIBLE
B17 Now …………………… devices have got smaller - you can carry them in a handbag or in your pocket. ELECTRON
B18 I’m not a ……………………, or ever an engineer, but I'm sure there will be lots of new Internet-related interventions in the near future. SCIENCE
B13 I don't like opera very much. I find it ……………………. Like many people on my age I prefer another type of music - music you can dance to. BORE
B14 My grandparents, however, …………………… with me. They think that every human being should listen to classical music, at least from time to time. AGREE
B15 When I was younger, they even dreamt that I would become a …………………… or a composer. MUSIC
B16 …………………… for me, now they understand there is no chance of that. LUCKY
B17 Once I took part in a musical …………………… and came last! Anyway, when they go on their special outings to the Opera House, they insist that I should go with them. I usually obey. COMPETE
B18 But not because I like opera. It's because I love architecture! And all the Opera Houses we’ve visited look …………………… room both inside and outside. FANTASY
B13 There are lots of stories about animals who save people’s lives. Dogs, cats, horses and even rabbits sometimes help people in very …………………… situations. DANGER
B14 Mary Pitt, for example, the …………………… of a cat, Toffy, survived the fire due to help pet. OWN
B15 Nobody knows what caused the fire in the ……………………. Mary was fast asleep when the smoke filled in her room. She ignored the sound of the smoke alarm and kept on sleeping. Amazingly, instead of escaping the house, the cat, Toffy, stayed in the room trying to wake up Mary. BUILD
B16 The cat bit her hand until she woke up. When the woman realised what was going on, she …………………… called the emergency services. The firemen stopped the fire. IMMEDIATE
B17 Now Toffy enjoys the title of the most …………………… cat in Mary’s town. FAME
B18 Some people say that cats are less devoted to people than dogs. For obvious reasons, Mary considers this statement ……………………. FAIR
B13 Nowadays lots of tourists prefer quiet places to big cities. That is why small ……………………towns have become very popular tourist destinations. TRADITION
B14 I think this growing …………………… is very useful for local economies. POPULAR
B15 The tourist industry creates new jobs. A good share of these jobs do not necessarily require …………………… and highly qualified workers. SKILL
B16 It means students and people without college …………………… have a fair chance to earn a living. EDUCATE
B17 In tourist regions people more often set up their own small businesses and it helps reduce …………………… too. EMPLOYMENT
B18 A friend of mine, who lives in a small town, used to have constant problems with work. When his home town became popular with tourists, he became a taxi driver and now he's running a small business very ……………………. SUCCESSFUL