Презентация по английскому языку Проблемы окружающей среды

The Catastrophe of Chernobyl.Work of Khomenko Annform 8 A The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster at Chernobyl, the Chernobyl accident, the media often uses the term Chernobyl disaster — the destruction of April 26, 1986 fourth unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant located on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). The destruction had explosive character, the reactor was completely destroyed, and in the environment were released large quantities of radioactive substances. The accident is regarded as the largest of its kind in the history of nuclear power, as by prospective quantity of victims and affected by its consequences and the economic damage. During the first three months after the accident, 31 people died; the long-term effects of radiation revealed over the next 15 years, caused the death of 60 to 80 people. 134 people suffered from radiation sickness of varying severity. More than 115 thousand people from the 30-kilometer zone were evacuated. For liquidation of consequences were mobilized significant resources, more than 600 thousand people participated in liquidation of consequences of the accident At 01:23:47[6] on Saturday 26 April 1986 at the 4th unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion, which completely destroyed the reactor. The building of the unit partially collapsed, killing two persons — the operator of MCP (main circulation pumps) Valery Hodemchuk (body not found, littered with the debris of two 130-ton drum-separators) and an employee of the commissioning of the enterprise Vladimir Shashenok (died of fractured spine and multiple burns at 6:00 in the Pripyat medical unit (medical unit), No. 126, April 26). In different rooms and on the roof started the fire. Subsequently the remnants of the active zone melted, the molten mixture of metal, sand, concrete and fragments of fuel spilled on podirectory premises. In the accident there was a release into the environment of radioactive substances, including isotopes of uranium, plutonium, iodine-131 (half life 8 days), caesium-134 (half-life — 2 years), caesium-137 (half-life 30 years), strontium-90 (half — life 28.8 years). Ejected from the destroyed reactor into the atmosphere fission products of nuclear fuel has been posted by air currents over a large territory, causing their contamination not only in close proximity to nuclear power plants within the borders of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus, but also for hundreds and even thousands of kilometers away from the scene of the accident. Radioactive contamination of the territory of many countries.The most extensive areas have been contaminated in Ukraine (41,75 million square kilometers), Belarus (46.6 per thousand square kilometers), the European part of Russia (57.1 thousand square kilometers). After the accident it was allocated two forms of the Chernobyl fallout fuel particles and condensate loss, including fine aerosols. Radioactive aerosols fall mostly rains in a large area within the borders of Ukraine, Belarus and Central regions of the European part of Russia. Loss of fuel particles occurred mainly in the near 30-km zone of the Chernobyl NPP, resulting in radionuclides of plutonium, with extensive half-life, concentrated mainly in the near field and played important roles for radiological population abroad. The major part of precipitations with a significant contribution of the isotopes of strontium were also concentrated near Chernobyl. Mutation In Russia radioactive contamination with cesium-137 was subjected to 19 subjects. The most polluted areas are in Bryansk (11.8 thousand square kilometers of contaminated areas), Kaluga (4,9 thousand square kilometres), Tula (11,6 thousand square kilometres) and Oryol (8,9 thousand square kilometres).About 60 thousand square kilometers of territories contaminated with caesium-137 levels above 1 CI/km2, are located outside of the former USSR. Contamination of the territory of Austria, Germany, Italy, UK, Sweden, Finland, Norway and several other Western European countries. A significant part of the territory of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was contaminated at a level higher than 5 CI/km2 (185 kBq/m2). Agricultural land with an area of approximately 52 thousand square kilometers have suffered from cesium-137 and strontium-90 with half-lives of 30 and 28 years respectively.Immediately after the disaster, 31 people died, and 600 thousand liquidators, who participated in extinguishing the fires and clearing the, received high doses of radiation. Were exposed to the radiation of nearly 8.4 million people in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, of them were resettled nearly 404 thousand people. Pripyat — a city in Kiev oblast, abandoned by its residents in April of 1986 after the world's largest nuclear accident — the explosion of a reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear power plant (ChNPP). The Ghost town is included in the world heritage list of UNESCO as a monument of the worst industrial disaster in the history of mankind.In the city there are only four objects: a station for water fluoridation, CPR, specialized Laundry and garage for cars, exporting radioactive waste.Annually, at the end of April, in Pripyat arrives a few thousand people — former residents and disaster relief workers. Someone here implies longing for youth held in these places, someone wants to meet with colleagues and friends and to remember those whose lives have taken a nuclear disaster. "Sarcophagus" — the informal name of the building "Shelter", created for the insulation destroyed by the explosion of a nuclear reactor. The unique design of the clock was built by several thousand people, is needed as soon as possible to protect the environment from radiation. The cost of his own health, and often life, the liquidators of the consequences of the explosion of the reactor could fit in record time — 206 days. For the construction of the shelter took 7,000 tons of steel, 400,000 cubic metres of concrete, and the participation of 90,000 people. On the Sarcophagus there is an observation deck where visitors are allowed, but to be here in just a few minutes. Protective structure is gradually destroyed and needs urgent repair, otherwise the fourth unit again will cause mortal danger. Almost a third of a century the 30-kilometer zone around the plant remains uninhabitable due to severe radioactive contamination.Meanwhile, while formally staying in the exclusion zone is forbidden, there still remains a small group of people, who did not want to leave their homes. Officially, these "squatters" 157. In 2003, the state effectively withdrew from them, as according to Ukrainian law, support the residents of the area can be carried out "only at the expense of extrabudgetary funds".In addition, as reported TASS the representative of the trade Union of workers of atomic energy and industry of Ukraine (atomprofsoyuz) Nikolay Teterin, spetspredpriyatie in the area employs about 6.5 thousand employees, and about 2.5 thousand are working directly on Chernobyl. "The total number employed there up to 11 thousand people," said Teterin, indicating that the majority of them are representatives of Contracting organizationsMeanwhile, the exclusion zone still remains the strongest source of radiation, says Teterin. The impurity radiation in the 30-kilometer zone, according to him, is uneven. In surface waters in some places it exceeds the norm by 30-50 times, while the dirtiest are the underground water table. "Today, the underground water table is polluted to such an extent that it actually liquid radioactive waste. There is a limit, a thousand times," said Teterin. It by water in 90 percent of cases is the removal of radioactivity outside the zone, he said. The end…