Лекция The subject matter of Phonetics

lural forms of nouns, the past tense forms and past participles of English regular verbs:
e.g. /d/ is pronounced after voiced consonants: beg – begged;
/t/ is pronounced after voiceless consonants: look – looked;
/
·d/ is pronounced after /t/ and /d/: want p – wanted, intend – intended.
Some adjectives have a form with /
·d/:
e.g. crooked [
·kr
·k
·d], naked [
·ne
·k
·d], ragged [
·rжg
·d].
Another manifestation of connection of phonetics with grammar is sound interchange. It is one of the most important phonetic phenomena. This connection can be observed in the category of number:
– the interchange of /f-v/, /s-z/, /
·-р/ helps to differentiate singular and plural forms of nouns: calf – calves, leaf – leaves, house – houses;
– vowel interchange helps to distingui
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·р]
b) adjectives and nouns e.g. hot – heat [h
·t] – [hi:t]
c) verbs and adjectives e.g. moderate – moderate [
·m
·d
·re
·t] – [
·m
·d
·r
·t]
d) nouns and nouns e.g. shade – shadow [
·e
·d] – [
·
·жd
·
·]
e) nouns and adjectives e.g. type – typical [ta
·p] – [
·t
·p
·kl].
Consonants can interchange in different parts of speech, for example in nouns and verbs:
e.g. extent – to extend [t] –[d],
mouth – to mouse [
·] – [р],
relief – to relieve [f] – [v].
Phonetics is also connected with grammar through its intonation component. Sometimes it is intonation alone can serve to single out the logical predicate of the sentence:
e.g.
·He came home. (Not Mary or John).
He
·came home. (So you can see him now).
He came
·home. (But you said he was going to the party)
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· lost between them. (They did not love each other).
Phonetics is also connected with lexicology. It is only due to the presence of stress in the right place that we can distinguish certain nouns from verbs:
e.g. abstract (реферат) – to abstract (добувати, здобувати),
object (предмет) – to object (заперечувати, не схвалювати),
transfer (перенос, переведення) – to transfer (переносити, переводити).
Homographs can be differentiated only due to pronunciation because they are identical in spelling:
e.g. bow [ba
·] лук– bow [b
·
·] уклін,
row [ra
·] ряд– row [r
·
·] шум,
tear [te
·] розрив– tear [et
·
·] сльоза,
wind [w
·nd] вітер– wind [wa
·nd] виток.
Due to the position of word stress we can distinguish between homonymous words and word groups:
e.g.
·blackboard (дрізд) –
·black
·bird (чорний птах),

·blue-nose (сорт картоплі) –
·blue
·nose (синій ніс).
Phonetics is also connected with stylistics. First of all, trough intonation and its components: speech melody, utterance stress, rhythm, pausation, voice tamber. They
·serve to express emotions, to distinguish between different attitudes on the part of the author and the speaker. Very often the writer helps the reader to interpret his ideas through special words and remarks:
e.g. There was a short pause.
He said bitterly.
Betty touched him gently.
His tone was hostile.
Phonetics is also connected with stylistics trough repetition of words, phrases and sounds. Repetition of identical or similar sounds is called alliteration. It helps to impart a melodic effect to the utterance and to express certain emotions. Thus, the repetition of the sound /m/ in the lines of the ballad helps to produce the effect of merriment:
e.g. There are twelve months in all the year,
As I hear many men say,
But the merriest month in all the year
Is the merry month of May.
Onomatopoeia is one more stylistic device which can serve as an example of the connection between phonetics and stylistics. It is a combination of sounds that imitate sounds produced in nature:
e.g. chatter, clatter, babble; crash, bang; clink, ting, chink.
The study of phonetic phenomena from the stylistic point of view is termed phonostylistics. It is connected with a number of linguistic and non-linguistic disciplines, such as paralinguistics, psychology, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, dialectology, information theory etc.
There are three branches of phonetics each corresponding to a different stage in the communication process. Each of these branches uses quite special sets of methods.
The branch of phonetics that studies the way in which the air is et in motion, the movements of the speech organs and the coordination of these movements in the production of single sounds and trains of sounds is called articulatory phonetics.
Acoustic phonetics studies the way in which the air vibrates between the speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear. Until recently articulatory phonetics has been the dominating branch, and most descriptive work has been done in articulatory terms for the purpose of teaching and because of special interest for research work and applied linguistics.
The branch of phonetics investigating the hearing process is known as auditory phonetics. Its interests lie more in the sensation of hearing, which is brain activity, than in the physiological working of the ear or the nervous activity between the ear and the brain. The means by which sounds are discriminated – quality, sensations of pitch, loudness, length, are relevant here. This branch of phonetics is of great interest to anyone who teaches or studies pronunciation.









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