Научная работа по английскому языку на тему“The features of idiomatic expressions in English, Russian and Kazakh languages” ученика 9 класса ?лібек М.

Introduction
Foreign language learning is the attainment of a new national culture, the attempt to connect to it. Phraseology, which is an integral part of a kind of Treasury of any language, especially can greatly assist this introduction. Phraseological units reflect a long history of people and their unique culture and way of life. That is why it is so important to study them.
Idiom (the idiom) is an important expressive means of language. An idiom is a set phrase with a separate meaning. The majority of idioms are created by people, and therefore closely related to the interests and daily activities of ordinary people.
           In idiomatic expressions reflects the views associated with work, lifestyle and culture of the people. They fully reveal the national specifics of language and identity. Thus, the main purpose of idioms - giving speech of a particular expression, unique originality, accuracy and imagery.         The value of country-specific idiomatic expressions lies in the indisputable authenticity of their content. Analyzing them it is possible to trace the country's history, partially acquainted with its customs and traditions, to the idea of the mentality of the people speaking the language. Therefore, I focused on idiomatic expressions that represent a cultural value.
The purpose of this research: through a comparative analysis of idiomatic expressions in English, Russian and Kazakh languages to identify similarities and differences in the mentality of the peoples in question.         
To achieve the aim I have set before myself the following objectives:
the definition of criteria for the analysis of idiomatic expression in English, Russian and Kazakh languages;
- definition and analysis of the factors most strongly influencing the nature of idiomatic expressions.
To achieve the objectives of this work were used:
descriptive method as the source; the gathering of material, classification of material
comparative method-comparison of idiomatic expression in English, Russian and Kazakh languages
method of analysis: analysis of idiomatic expression in each of the considered language groups separately, as well as groups of idioms, equally occurring in all considered languages.
1. The history of the issue
About phraseology has written many articles, books, dissertations, and interest in this area of language has not dried up, neither the researchers, nor those who are simply indifferent to the word. Confirmed the accuracy of the formula, expressed at the dawn of last century, the famous Danish linguist Otto Espersen, who called phraseology "despotically capricious and elusive thing." The mere presence in a language beyond words of the whole verbal complexes, which are sometimes identical to the word, and often represent a unique linguistic phenomenon that is characterized by bright expressiveness, figurativeness and emotional, is an occasion for us to explore this section of the style. However, the phraseology as the set of all expressions in a particular language is a very broad field of activity for such a small work as this.
Phraseology as an independent linguistic discipline appeared in the 40-ies of XX century in Soviet linguistics. Background of the theory of phraseology was laid in the works of A. A. Potebnya, I. I. Sreznevsky, A. A. Shakhmatov and F. Fortunatov. Influence on the development of phraseology was also provided by the ideas of the French linguist W. Bali (1865-1947). In Western European and American linguistics, phraseology is not allocated in a special section of linguistics. The question of studying the stable word combinations in a special section of linguistics -phraseology - was put in the training-methodical literature in the 20-40 gg in the works of E. D. Polivanov, S. I. Abakumov, L. A. Bulahovskogo. The study of phraseology was stimulated by the lexicographic practice, on the one hand, and on the other by Vinogradov works in which questions were raised about the basic concepts of phraseology, its scope and objectives. In 50-ies the main emphasis was on the similarities and differences of idioms with the word and combination of words; problems of phraseology were limited mainly to the elucidation of criteria of phraseological and clarify the basis of the classification of phraseological units. Since the late 50-ies the tendency of a systematic approach to the problems of phraseology, developed the issues related to the description of phraseology as a structural language units (A. I. Smirnitsky, O. S. akhmanova). 60-70 years in the development of phraseology are characterized by the intense development actually phraseological methods of research of objects of phraseology, is based on ideas of system-level analysis of the facts of the language (V. L. Arkhangelsky, N. N. Amosov, V. P. Zhukov, A. V. Kunin, M. T. Tagiyev), the study of the systemic organization of the phraseological composition (I. I. Chernysheva, N. M.Shan) and its development (V. N. Mokienko, F. N. Popov, A. I. Fedorov), special attention is paid to the semantics of phraseological units and its nominative aspect (V. N. Teliya), phraseformation in its dynamics (S. G. Gavrin, Y. A. Gvozdarev), characteristics of collocations components (M. M. Kopylenko, Z. D. Popova), comparative-typological study of phraseological composition (Y. Y. Avaliani, L. I. Roseton), as well as development of the description of phraseology in dictionaries (M. A. Babkin, A. I. Molotkov).
The subject of phraseology as a section of linguistics research are categorical features of phraseological units on the basis of which highlights the main signs of frazeologicheskie and the question about the essence of phraseological units as the particular units of language and identification of regularities of functioning of phraseological units in speech and their formation processes. However, there is a single subject of research and despite the many detailed development of many of the issues of phraseology to the present time, there are different points of view on what is idiom, what is the volume of phraseology of the Russian language. Lists of idioms of the Russian language, proposed by different scholars, so different from each other, that we can justifiably speak of various, often opposite, even mutually exclusive views on the subject of research and the inconsistency and confusion in the scientific terminology used to refer to the relevant concepts. This explains the unclear understanding of the goals, objectives and the very essence of the term "phraseology", and the fact that there are not enough specific uniform classification of phraseologisms Russian language from the point of view of their semantic unity. Although the most common (clarifications and additions) is the classification of V. V. Vinogradov. The underdevelopment of the basic concepts of English phraseology, though in this area, and a large number of works, many of which are of considerable interest, leading to numerous, often contradictory, interpretations of the same question, the emergence of some confusing work, transferring to the English phraseology schemes developed for the Russian language, as well as to the dispersal of creative researchers. Nevertheless, among the works of the English phraseology distinguished doctoral dissertation N.N. Amosova and created on its basis the book " fundamentals of English phraseology ", which is the most significant of what has been written in English phraseology. You can also mention the works by T. I. Arbekovo, I. V. Arnold, V. V. Vinogradov, A. V. Kunin, K. G. Mid A. A. Ivanova and English-Russian phraseological dictionary by A.V. Kunin. Kazakh phraseology highlighted in the works of the following authors: M. Lameboy, A. J. Gasymovoy, A. Bolganbaev, G. Smagulova. Based on the foregoing, the aim of the student was to compare idiomatic expressions in English, Russian and Kazakh languages, as very few works in this direction, addressing the languages, not only one group, but of different families.
The hypothesis is that by using idioms you can distinguish a native speaker from the advanced learner and the beginner in studying the English, Russian and Kazakh languages.
As a result young generation may not understand the meanings of short proverbs, so if they don‟t know their meaning they would avoid using the proverbs in their speech. There is a threat of disappearing of proverbs from the English language. However, in Kazakh language proverbs and sayings are popular among all the generations. Proverbs are used by elder people and young people and proverbs are widely used in media as well. On the one hand, according to Kazakh traditions young people ought to respect elder people and listen to their advice. On the other hand, proverbs are used to describe different situations and correspond to every situation in Kazakh language. Proverbs are piece of wisdom inherited from our experienced ancestors. The most frequently used Kazakh proverbs are the followings:
There is no place like your Motherland.
If sister-in-laws are friendly, there is much food.
The home with a child is a bazaar; the childless home is a grave.
My house is my song and my bed.
But there are no idioms in the Kazakh language. Idioms are also collocations, because they consist of several words that tend to be used together, but the difference is that we can’t guess the meaning of the whole idiom from the meanings of its parts. Idioms are phraseological units with a transferred meaning. They can be completely or partially transferred. For instance: to add fuel to the fire/flame (to make an argument or a bad situation worse); its Russian equivalent is подливать масло в огонь which means to pour the oil to the fire and its Kazakh equivalent is отқа май құю which has the same meaning
The methods of research used:
analysiscomparisonquestionnaire
 
2. Main part
The definition of the term “idiom”
An idiom is a set expression, the meaning of which is different from the literal meanings of its components. It refers to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. Idioms present a great variety of structures and combinations that are mostly unchangeable and often not logical and may not follow basic rules of grammar.
The Webster dictionary gives following definition: Idiom is an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent element as kick the bucket, hang one's head etc., or from the general grammatical rules of language, as the table round for the round table, and which is not a constituent of a larger expression of like characteristics.
Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of English Idioms gives us definition of “idiom”. The word ‘idiom’ is used to describe the ‘special phrases’ that are an essential part of a language. Idioms may be ‘special’ in different ways: for example, the expression to kick the bucket seems to follow the normal rules of grammar, although we cannot say ‘kick a bucket’ or ‘kick the buckets’ , but it is impossible to guess that it means ‘to die’. Phrases like all right, on second thoughts, and same here, which are used in everyday English, and especially in spoken English, are ‘special’ because they are fixed units of language that clearly do not follow the normal rules of grammar.
Another formulation of “idiom (Dubrovin M., 'Russian-English Idioms) is set phraseological units which meaning does not result from the meaning of its components. The definition by Dean Curry is “the assigning of a new meaning to a group of words which already have their own meaning”. Idioms are informal in nature and although they appear in literature, they are not necessary considered to be “literary”. They are often colloquial, often slang, and through overuse can become cliches. Idioms may be adjectival, adverbial, verbal, or nominal. They also may take the form of traditional saying and proverbs.
The origin of the word “idiom”
In fact, the word idiom comes from the Greek root idio, meaning a unique signature. Thus, each language contains expressions that make no sense when translated literally into another tongue.
Some idioms of the "worldwide English" have first been seen in the works of writers like Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Lewis Carroll or even in the paperbacks of contemporary novelists. An example of Shakespearian quotation can be found in the following sentence:"As a social worker, you certainly see the seamy side of life." Biblical references are also the source of many idioms. Sports terms, technical terms, legal terms, military slang and even nautical expressions have found their way to the everyday use of English language.
Many idioms are similar to expressions in other languages and can be easy for a learner to understand. Other idioms come from older phrases which have changed over time.To hold one's horses means to stop and wait patiently for someone or something. It comes from a time when people rode horses and would have to hold their horses while waiting for someone or something."Hold your horses," I said when my friend started to leave the store. Other idioms come from such things as sports that are common in the United Kingdom or the United States and may require some special cultural knowledge to easily understand them.To cover all of one's bases means to thoroughly prepare for or deal with a situation. It comes from the American game of baseball where you must cover or protect the bases. I tried to cover all of my bases when I went to the job interview.
What for do we use idioms?
For emphasis, e.g. The singer’s second album sank like a stone, [failed completely]
To agree with a previous speaker, e.g.
A: Did you notice how Lisa started listening when you said her name?
B: Yes, that certainly made her prick her ears up. [start listening carefully]
To comment on people, e.g. Did you hear Tom has been invited for dinner with the prime minister? He’s certainly gone up in the world! [gained a better social position - or more money - than before]
To comment on a situation, e.g. The new finance minister wants to knock the economy into shape, [take action to get something into a good condition]
To make an anecdote more interesting, e.g. It was just one disaster after another today, a sort of domino effect, [when something, usually bad, happens and causes a series of other things to happen]
To catch the reader’s eye. Idioms - particularly those with strong images - are often used in headlines, advertising slogans and the names of small businesses. The writer may play with the idiom or make a pun (a joke involving a play on words) in order to create a special effect, e.g. a debt of dishonour instead of the usual debt of honour, [a debt that you owe someone for moral rather than financial reasons]
To indicate membership of a particular group, e.g. surfers drop in on someone, meaning to get on a wave another surfer is already on.
We will see and hear idioms in all sorts of speaking and writing. They are particularly common in everyday conversation and in popular journalism. For example, they are often found in magazine horoscopes, e.g. You’ll spend much of this week licking your wounds [trying to recover from a bad experience], or in problem pages, e.g. Do you think that my relationship has run its course? [come to a natural end] However, idioms are also used in more formal contexts, such as lectures, academic essays and business reports, e.g. It is hoped the regulations will open the door to better management, [let something new start].
Common metaphors in idioms. What is a metaphor?
Metaphors describe a person, object or situation by comparing it to something else with similar characteristics. They are often used in poetry and literature. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, for example, Romeo says ‘Juliet is my sun’, suggesting that she is the most important force in his life, bringing him light and warmth.
Many idioms are based on metaphors. However, idioms are expressions that are used so frequently and are so fixed in the language that people often do not think about the metaphors behind them. The metaphors used in idioms are therefore much less original and thought-provoking than those used in literary contexts. People say, for example, ‘The new president was / took centre stage at the meeting’ [was the most important or noticeable thing or person], without thinking of the original image of a theatre.
Why idioms and metaphors are so important?
Firstly, they are important because they are very common. It is impossible to speak, read, or listen to English without meeting idiomatic language.
The second reason is that very often the metaphorical use of a word is more common today than its literal use. For example, we know that farmers plough their field, but we can plough through a long novel or report; we can plough on with our work; we can plough money into a business; profits can be ploughed back into a company; a lorry can plough into a row of parked cars. Using plough in its literal farming meaning is now much rarer than all its other non-literal uses.
Types of idioms
Binominals
Binomials are a type of idiom in which two words are joined by a conjunction (linking word), usually and. The order of the two words is fixed. For example, we always say black and white, NOT white and black: Managing climate change isn't a black and white issue, [separate and clear]
The words can be:
synonyms (words which mean the same): Sara’s work is always very neat and tidy;
opposites: If you go for cheaper speakers, the sound quality may be a bit hit and miss, [sometimes good, sometimes had (informal)];
the same word: They finished the race neck and neck, [equal];
rhyming: Tables in the canteen take a lot of wear and tear, [damage through everyday use];
alliterative: After the match the players’ legs were black and blue, [very bruised];
joined by words other than and: The traffic was bumper to bumper all the way to the coast, [very heavy] Little by little, Vera gained the horse’s confidence, [gradually] The house must be worth a quarter of a million, give or take a few thousand, [plus or minus (informal)];
Trinomials are a similar type of idiom, in which three words are joined, e.g. I’ve looked here, there and everywhere for my glasses but can’t find them, [everywhere]
Euphemisms
Euphemisms are a type of idiom used to avoid saying words which may offend or be considered unpleasant. They are useful to learn, as they will help to communicate using language which is appropriate for the situation.
Euphemisms are used:
To talk about subjects which may upset or offend, such as death.It was obvious he was not long for this world, but he never lost his sense of humour. [going to die soon]
To avoid using direct words for body functions
I’m just going to spend a penny. [use the toilet (UK public toilets used to charge a penny.)]
For humorous effect when telling anecdotes.
My boss was effing and blinding because he had lost a confidential report. [swearing (some common English swear words begin with f or b) (informal)]
By the media or political instructions to tone down unpleasant situations.
Many soldiers have made a supreme / ultimate sacrifice for their country. [died]
He died in a friendly fire accident. [killed by his own side, not by the enemy]
Euphemism Example Meaning
Four-letter words The play may offend some people, as it’s full of four-letter words. Swear words (many of these have four letters in English)
Pardon my French He’s such a bloody idiot, pardon my French. Apologies for swearing (humorous)
Powder my nose I’m just going to powder my nose. Use the toilet
Answer the call of nature Go behind a tree if you need to answer the call of nature. Urinate (more direct)
Play the field He said he’s too young to stop playing the field and settle down. Having many romantic relationships without committing to one partner
My number was up I saw the car heading straight for me and I thought my number was up. I was about to die (informal)
Breathe my last ‘This is where I was born and where I will breathe my last’, said the old woman. Die
Be six feet under We’ll be at six feet under by the time you finish writing your novel! Be dead (informal)
Comparing and analyzing English, Russian and Kazakh idioms
There is a plenty of Russian and Kazakh phraseologisms that don’t have any analogs in the English language. For example, «повесить нос» «ынжырғасы түсті», «один как перст» «», «без царя в голове», «душа в пятки ушла» «зәре құты қашты, «губа не дура» «армандама ақ тоқты қыстыгүні көк шөпті», «на лбу написано» «маңдайына жазылған», «а Васька слушает да ест» «», «слона-то я и не приметил» «көрмес, түйені де көрмес», «рыльце в пуху», «мартышкин труд» , «медвежья услуга». 
While comparing and analyzing English and Russian idioms, I noticed a similarity in their structure, figure of speech and style:
Russian idiom English idiom Kazakh idioms
Играть с огнем to play with fire отпен ойнау
сжигать мосты to burn bridges ат құйрығын кесу
нет дыма без огня there is no smoke without fire жел тұрмаса шөптін басы қимылдамайды
трудолюбивый, как пчела busy as a bee Еңбекқор
жить как кошка с собакой a cat and dog life ит пен мысықтай
Дела сердечные affair of the heart жүрекке әмір жүрмейді
дело чести affair of honour ұятын білсін
рыцарь без страха и упрека knight without fear and without reproach жүрек жұтқан
сливки общества the cream of societyсүзіп алар қаймақтар
игра стоит свеч the game is worth the candle  іске алғысыз
оборотная сторона медали the reverse side of the coin екі жүзді
Труден только первый шаг it is the first step that costs басы қатты аяғы тәтті
искать иголку в стоге сена look for a needle in a bottom of hay тырнақ астынан кір іздеу
аппетит приходит во время еды appetite comes with eating тәбет астан соң келеді
браки совершаются на небесах marriages are made in heaven құдай қосқан қосағы
глаза – зеркало души the eyes are the mirror of the soul көз адамның айнасы
если бы молодость знала, а старость могла if youth but knew, if age but could қайран жастық шақ
A part of these idioms has become international, and there are a lot of languages pretending on their primordial (in each language they are considered to be its own or they are considered to originate in it).
It’s interesting that many Russian, Kazakh and English expressions take their origin from the Bible. The Bible is the reachest source of phraseological units. This greatest work has enriched Russian and Kazakh as well as English with similar units (phrases).
Here are some of them:
English Idiom Russian translation Kazakh translation
The beam in one’s eye бревно в собственном глазу көзін шел басқан
Daily bread хлеб насущный қара су мен қара нан
Poverty is no sin бедность не порок кедейлік өлім емес
Throw nature out of the door, it will come back again Гони природу в дверь, она войдет в окно ауру қалса да әдет қалмайды
Look not a gift horse in the mouth Дареному коню в зубы не смотрят сыйға алынған - сыйланбасA storm in a tea-cup Буря в стакане воды терісі тонына сыймау
It’s appeared that the names of our body parts are often used in formation of phraseologisms. They have symbolic character and images understandable for both languages: Russian and English. It seems that using the names of different parts of the body, a person tries to express more fully his/her thoughts and makes a greater impression by his/her speech. And it’s interesting that images are similar in these languages.
English Idiom Russian translation Kazakh translation
To have heart of gold иметь золотое сердце кең пейілді
With a heavy heartкамень на сердце, с тяжелым сердцем сары уайымға салынған
Armed to the teeth вооружен до зубов сақадай сай
To have heart of kind иметь доброе сердце аузын ашса жүрегі көрінер
To wag a tongue языком трепать тілін қышыту
To look down a nose at somebody задирать нос мұрнын шүйіру
To have lost a tongue язык проглотить тілін жұту
A tooth for a tooth зуб за зуб қанға қан, жанға жан
To be all eyes смотреть в оба көзіне қарау; сақ болу
Not to see beyond the end of a nose Не видеть дальше собственного носа көз алдындағыдан басқаны көрмеу
One's hair stood on end Волосы дыбом встали төбе шашы тік тұрды
To wash one’s head намылить голову (шею) басын айналдыру
To have a good head on the shoulders Иметь голову на плечах ақыл тоқтатқан
However, having translated from one language into another it often happens the change of images. It is a very interesting phenomenon for the English and Russian languages. We can see the difference between the next phraseological units:
English Idiom Word for word translation Russian Translation Kazakh Translation
Laugh in the beardсмеяться в “бороду” смеяться в кулак ішінен күлу
Thick as blackberriesтолстый как черника хоть пруд пруди арқан тарту
As sure as eggs are eggs верно, как то, что яйца - это яйца верно, как дважды два айдан анық
The rotten apple injures its neighboursгнилое яблоко портит соседниепаршивая овца все стадо портит бір құмалақ бір қарын майды шірітеді
To swim like a stone плавать как камень плавать как топор өрісі тар болу
It is not my cup of tea не моя чашка чая не по мне тақиясына тар келу
In hot waterв горячей воде быть в заботах, хлопотах шыр көбелек айналу
Head to head, face to face голова к голове, лицо к лицу с глазу на глаз бетпе- бет
To make a mountain out of a molehill делать из кротовины гору делать из мухи слона түймедейді түйедей ету
As cool as a cucumber холодный как огурец спокоен, как удав қой аузынан шөп алмас
Buy a pig in a poke купить “поросенка” в мешке купить кота в мешке көрмей, білмей алуAs two peasкак две “горошины” как две капли воды егіз қозыдай
To be born with a silver spoon in the mouth родиться с серебряной ложкой во рту родиться в сорочке айы оңынан туды
Not worth a beanне стоить и боба гроша ломаного не стоить көк тиынға да тұрмайды
A piece of cakeкусок торта пустячное дело бос іс
Nothing new under the sun ничто не ново под “солнцем” ничто не ново под луной жаңалық емес
The Structure of Idioms
Most idioms are unique and fixed in their grammatical structure. The expression to sit on the fence cannot becometo sit on a fence or to sit on the fences. However, there are many changes that can be made to an idiom. Some of these changes result in a change in the grammatical structure that would generally be considered to be wrong. To be broken literally means that something is broken. The lamp is broken so I cannot easily read my book. To be broke is grammatically incorrect but it has the idiomatic meaning of to have no money. I am broke and I cannot go to a movie tonight. There can also be changes in nouns, pronouns or in the verb tenses. I sat on the fence and did not give my opinion.Many people are sitting on the fence and do not want to give their opinion. Adjectives and adverbs can also be added to an idiomatic phrase. The politician has been sitting squarely in the middle of the fence since the election. It is for these reasons that it is sometimes difficult to isolate the actual idiomatic expression and then find it in a dictionary of idioms. As far as I know there are different ways how to render the essence of the idioms, for example: selecting the Russian equivalents or descriptive translation. For me, it’s easier to remember the meaning of the idiom if I manage to find the proper and colorful equivalent.
Idioms groups
I continued to do my research work with dividing the idioms into the groups. I decided to choose the idioms that seemed to be the most interesting for learning and using in my study of the English language. I looked through some dictionaries of the idioms and set-expressions.
The first group of idioms I picked up is people’s character. We live in the society where each person estimates other people and their behavior, traits of character and expresses his opinion. Here are some descriptions which characterize me, you, your friends and people who are around us.
Ball of fire: You shouldn’t be panic when somebody says that you are a ball of fire. You won’t burn. This person means that you are very energetic. Example: Sally is a real ball of fire. She works late every night.
Full of beans: If your friend says that he is full of beans. It doesn’t mean that he has eaten many beans today, he means that he has a good mood. Example: The head of the company was full of beans after he was informed that his company won the tender.
Be all thumbs: If somebody says that you are all thumbs it means that you are very awkward. Example: - Hey! You are pouring my coffee on the table! - Oh, I'm so sorry! I have been all thumbs today.
Move up in the world: If somebody moves up in the world it means that he has become a successful person. Example: The young man is working hard and he is moving up in the world.
The second group is the idioms about the time. In the modern English language there are many idiomatic phrases that help people to explain an abstract meaning of the time easily.
Against the clock: This phrase means that the time “works against you”, and you feel the lack of it for fulfillment of some affairs. Example: “Hurry up! You are working against the clock! We have very little time to do it”.
Like clock work: This phrase describes regular definite events. Ex.: “He is as regular as clockwork in his habits – he goes to the bank every Friday”.
Not born yesterday: We say this idiom when we want to show that it is difficult to deceive us. Example: “This car has a lot of faults. You must think I was born yesterday if you expected me to buy this car”.
Time of your life: Somebody says it that when he enjoys what he does, when he has a good time. Example: “The children were tired out when they arrived home – they’d had the time of their lives playing in the mud, without their parents there to tell them to keep clean”.
With a snap of the fingers: If you manage to do something as soon as you click your fingers, and it comes out in moment, very quickly. Example: If you could snap your fingers and immediately have this skill, which would you choose: 1. Fluency in every European language?2. Or fluency in Chinese?
The third group is the idioms with religious ideas. Faith is something that helps people to live. And it isn’t extraordinary that in our speech there are phrase about this part of our live.
Come hell or high water: When something must certainly happen, this event will happen even if flood starts or hell falls. In this case English use this idiom. Example: Finish the project come hell or high water! Meet me at the airport come hell or high water!
Sing form the same hymn sheet: This idiom means that people say the same things, having the same points of view. Example: All political parties sing from the same hymn sheet.
Ninth circle of hell: In the Dante’s Aligere’s work “God’s comedy” in the Ninth circle of hell the main character met the most terrible sinner, and saw the most horrible punishments which were given to them. That’s why when something is very bad it is the ninth circle of hell. Example: Our politics in economics is the ninth circle of hell.
Cold day in hell: Cold day in hell happens once an eternity. Therefore when we say that something will happen on a cold day in hell it means that it will never happen. Example: - When will you pass your exam?
On a cold day in hell!
The fourth group is business idioms. In this group there are idioms which you can use when you speak with your foreign business partners or when you tell about your firm.
Bad egg: Bag egg is a person that you can’t trust. He is a swindler. Example: This businessman has a reputation of a bad egg. Nobody wants to deal with him. 
To be in the red: a person or a firm is in the red when they have debts. On the one hand red color is the color of danger, problem. And absence money is a suitable situation. On the other hand in England and America banks sent to debtors letters where “You have debts! Return them” which was written by red inks. Example: The phone company found itself about three millions dollars in the red.
Hot potato: Have you ever held a hot potato in your hands? You don’t want to drop it but you can’t hold it any more because it’s too hot and you throw it from one hand to the other hand while it isn’t getting cold. Hot potato is a tickly question. It is hard and unpleasantly to deal with it. Example: This new local small business law is a true hot potato in our region!
Fat cat: Fat cat is a person that has much money. But in this phrase there is disapproval shade of meaning. You can call somebody a fat cat if you don’t approve the way this person spends his money. Example: The owner of this company decided to sponsor “LDPR”. What a fat cat! 
The fifth group is the idioms about the computers. Nowadays we can’t imagine our life without it. That’s why here are some idioms which are connected with computers.
All hardware sucks: This phrase means that all computer system is disable to fulfill your orders. Example: I’m afraid that there is nothing to do else, because your all hardware sucks.
Blue screen of death: Blue screen of death describes the situation when all computer screen became blue and many words, symbols and letters appear on it which you can’t understand. They advise you to restart the computer. Example: Running this program always ends by a Blue screen of death.
Hang: If your computer hangs, it means that all system doesn’t reply any commands Example: I can’t connect the net, because my comp hangs again and again!
Big red switch: There is really big switch on many computer blocks but even if it is small it is called a big red switch in order to make emphasis on the fact that switching on it, the complex system, I mean a computer, begins to work. Example: Don’t panic when having a blue screen of death, just push a Big Red Switch!The most interesting group for me is comparative idioms. In order to make them we must use the construction as…as. I like this group because there are very funny. For example, when you want to say that you are very hungry you can say that you are as hungry as a hunter, etc.
As easy as pie: very easy. Example: "I thought you said this was a difficult problem. It isn't. In fact, it's as easy as pie."
As hungry as a hunter: very hungry. Example: I haven’t eaten anything all day that’s why I am as hungry as a hunter.
As good as gold: very good. Example: This boy helped me very much. He is as good as gold.
As red as a beetroot: very red Example: Now Ann’s face is as red as a beetroot because she has lied.
As strong as an ox: very strong. Example: I think that this man does sports because he is as strong as an ox.
Different linguists group idioms in different ways. For example, I divide them like this:
Animal Idioms
Plants Idioms
Fruits and vegetables Idioms
Colour Idioms
Body Idioms
Food Idioms
Feelling and actions Idioms
Animal Idioms
Like a horse It means : to work hard Как лошадь
As a bee It means : about very busy man Как Пчелка
As brave as a lion It means : about very brave man храбрый, как лев
Chicken It means : a coward man трус
Eagle eyes It means : someone who has eagle eyes орлиный глаз
To work like a dog – работать усердно
A bookworm – книжный червь ( очень любит читать)
A copycat – человек, который подражает ( нет своего мнения)
An early bird – человек, который везде самый первый
Plants Idioms
As fresh as a daisy - fresh, healthy man как огурчикAs fresh as a rose - about beautiful man свежа, как розаShake like a leaf - to be afraid, tremble as a leaf дрожать как осиновый листTo go around the bush - avoid giving a clear answer ходить вокруг кустаAs hot as a pepper - very spicy горячий, как перецFruits and vegetables Idioms
To buy a lemon - to buy something useless or defective
As cool as a cucumber - cool headed man in the face of danger or difficulty
Couch potato - a lazy person, watching TV домосед
Bad apple - criminal, trouble maker гнилое яблоко
Sour grapes - pretending to not want something кислое лицо
Lemon law - protect people from defective food
The apple of one’s eye – любимый человек
Go bananas – сходить с ума
Colour Idioms
Once in a blue moon - in early days
A heart of gold - a very kind and good man
To have green fingers -he is a good gardener
As white as a sheet - to afraid something
To born with a silver spoon in his mouth -very lucky man
A dark horse - nobody know much about him
Out of the blue – неожиданно
In the red – быть в долгу
The green light – разрешение для чего-то
In the black – при деньгах, богатый
Body Idioms
I let my hair down - to have a rest
An old head on young shoulder - he is too young but wise and clever
It costs an arm and a leg - it’s very expensive
Break one’s heart - to do suffer to somebody
To bite one’s tongue - stop talking
To zip the lip - to keep silence
Food Idioms
A big cheese - an important person, a leader
A bad egg - a bad person to be avoid
Cry over spilt milk - to cry about something that has already happened
Bread and butter - basic needs of life
Piece of cake - that you consider it to be very easy
Like a fish out of water - to be uncomfortable situation
Feelling and actions Idioms
Fall in love - to love somebody
A yes man - the man who listen everybody
An early bird - the man will be the first everywhere
A man of means -to be a very rich
At first sight - the first impression of the man
A man of his word - aperson who keeps promises
Time Idioms
Like clock work – делать все в одно времяNot born yesterday – трудно обмануть кого-то( не вчера родился)
With a snap of the fingers – очень быстро
High time - пора
In no time - моментально
To kill time - бездельничать
Numbers Idioms
Sixth sense – уметь догадываться ( иметь шестое чувство)
At first sight – первое впечатление
Of two minds - нерешительный
In seventh heaven – очень счастливый
«Man and his characteristic features»
Ball of fire – очень энергичный человек.Full of bеаns – быть в хорошем настроении
Move up in the world – быть успешным человеком
A man of means – богатый человек
To be shorthanded – нуждающийся в помощи
To zip the lip – не разговаривать
To stretch the truth – преувеличивать
To have a green thumb – иметь способность к выращиванию растений
Many teachers of English like to group idioms in alphabetic order.
The site www.learn-english-today.com put them in such a way:
Negotiations
Anger-irritation
Employment - Jobs
Number Idioms
Animal & bird Idioms
Enthusiasm-impatience
Problems - difficulties
Anxiety - fear
Feelings-emotions
Relationships
Arguments-disagreements
Food Idioms
Safety - danger
Authority - power
Frankness - Sincerity
Secrets - indiscretion
Behaviour idioms
Fun-enjoyment
Shopping
Body idioms
Happiness - Sadness
Situations
Business - Work Idioms
Health Idioms
Speed - rapidity
Choices - Options
Hesitation - Indecision
Sports Idioms
Clothes Idioms
Honesty - dishonesty
Success-failure
Colour idioms
Intelligence-understanding
Suitability
Communication
Law & Order
Surprise-disbelief
Comparisons-similitude
Madness - Insanity
Thoughts-ideas
Consequences-effects
Memory - Remembering
Time idioms
Descriptions of people
Mistakes-errors
Travel-transport
Descriptions - places-things
Money Idioms
Weather-atmosphere
d) Investigation
Last year I learnt about the idioms at my English lessons at school. My teacher recommended me to spend more time investigating this field of the language.
It was interesting for me to know how many idioms the pupils of 9th – 11th forms know. I handed the questionnaires to the students of our school. It appeared that they know just a few of them, some students know more than ten idioms and the others know less than 10 or even don’t know idioms at all. After that I asked the pupils how often they use idioms in their dialogues or situations. And it appeared that they use them seldom or don’t use them at all. Then I asked pupils if they think that idioms enrich the English language and the most of them answered that they have no idea about it.
So I decided to make the list of idioms used frequently by the native speakers and group them according to the meaning.
These are the questions I asked my classmates, schoolmates, friends and acquaintances. I prepared multiple-choice questionnaire.
How many idioms do you know?
I don’t know any idioms.
I know less than 10 idioms.
I know 10 – 30 idioms.
I know more than 30 idioms.
I know more than 50 idioms.
2. How often do use idioms?
I don’t use idioms.
I seldom use idioms.
I often use idioms.
3. Do you think that idioms adorn English language?
Yes, I do. To my mind idioms adorn English language.
No, I don’t. In my opinion idioms don’t adorn English language.
I don’t know.
Conclusion
English, Russian and Kazakh are languages which particularly rich in idioms - those modes of expression peculiar to a language (or dialect) which frequently defy logical and grammatical rules. Without idioms English would lose much of its variety and humor both in speech and writing.
Idioms can be quite clear (in general; come out; at first; the root of all evil), or pretty unclear (on end; pack it in; high and low; hard cash). Some idioms have proper names in them (a Jack of all trades; Uncle Sam), some other idioms are comparisons (as clear as a bell; as the crow flies). Proverbs and sayings are idioms, too (every cloud has a silver lining; still waters run deep).
For my work I have chosen useful idioms that native speakers use frequently in their everyday life. These idioms are accepted as part of everyday speech and undoubtedly are of great practical value to you. Many other idioms, though they are often interesting and colorful, are not that necessary in your everyday conversational English.
I think the fact that a person possesses a good vocabulary does not mean that he sounds like a native speaker. The mentality of a nation is expressed not only in grammatically correct sentences but in а variety of phrases that depict peculiarities of history and culture.I think that I can use many of inter idioms in my speech. I like them. So to be an interesting interlocutor you should acquire the idioms that make speech lively and bright.
The list of the used literature
1.Richard A. Spears, “American Idioms Dictionary”.
2.Dubrovin M., «Russian-English Idioms», Moskow, “Prosveshcheniye”,19953.Dean Curry “Illustration American idioms”, published by The Materials Branch English Language Programs Division United States Information Agency, Washington, 1994.
4.“Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of English Idioms”, edited by Helen Warren, Oxford University Press, 1994
5.M. J. Murphy “ Test yourself on English idioms”, Moskow, 1968
6.Richard A. Spears “Essential American Idioms”, dictionary
7.James Rogers “The dictionary of cliches”
8.V. H.Collins “ A book of English Idioms”
9.Longman Dictionary of English Idioms, Longman Group limited, 1979
10.Roges G. The dictionary of Cliches. New York. 1985
11.Spears Richard A. Essential American Idioms. National textbook company. 1991
12.Кунин А.В. Фразеология современного английского языка. - М.: Международные отношения, 1996.
13.Longman Dictionary of English Idioms. L., 1981.14.Makkai,A. Idiom Structure in English, - The Hague, 1987
15.Кеңесбаев І. Фразеологиялық сөздік. – Алматы: «Арыс» баспасы, 2007.
16.Хасенов Ә.Тіл білімі. – Алматы: Санат. – 2003.
17. Болғанбаев Ә. Қазақ тілінің лексикологиясы. – Алматы, 1988.
18. Шафрин Ю. А. Идиомы английского языка. – Москва: Лаборатория знаний. – 2003.
19. Сиротина М.И. Тысячи идиом. - Москва: Владос. – 1997.