The History of Alaska (история Аляски)
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MunicipalEducational Institution
Lyceum № 130 “RAVES”
Exam paper.
The History of
Student:
Teacher: Shipulina O.N.
Contents:
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……3
1. Origins of
The Eskimos
The Aathabascans
Aleuts
The
2. From the Russian Empire to the
3.
Geography
Government
Business
Transport
4. The most important dates in the history
of
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..17
The list of literature………………………………………………………………………………………….…18
Introduction.
Undoubtedly, the history is one of the
most interesting and most important sciences. It incorporates experience of
each person and all mankind. The history acquaints us with process of
development of a mankind. Behind acts and decisions of separate people, behind
actions of weights there is a bright, many-sided and unique image of the world,
different continents, the countries and people. To understand history of the
Native land, it is necessary to understand world history. In the exam paper I
will tell about history of
1. Origins of
No one knows exactly when people first found the land
that would be called
Whenever, the consensus is that they came from Asia by way of a northern land
bridge that once connected Siberia and
That land bridge, now recalled as Beringia, was the first gateway to
Some groups settled in the
Those who made
While all four groups shared certain basic similarities--all hunted, fished and
gathered food--they developed distinctive cultures and sets of skills.
The Eskimos:
Flexible Residents of the
The Eskimos were primarily a coastal people, setting
along the shores of the
For millennia they lived a simple, subsistence life--much as they still do
today--by harvesting the fish and mammals of the seas, the fruits and game of
the land. Somehow they learned how to thrive despite the demanding conditions
of the
Their sense of direction was keen, almost uncanny. Travelling in a straight
line, sometimes through snowstorms and whiteouts, they found their way around
the mostly featureless terrain by noting wind direction, the position of the
stars, the shape and size of a snowdrift. And they were resourceful. In a land
where the summer sun stays at eye-level for weeks on end, never setting below
the horizon, the Eskimos fashioned the first sun-visor--which also doubled as a
snow mask to protect their eyes from the wind-driven snow.
The Athabascans:
Nomads of the Interior.
Like the Eskimos, the Athabascans were skilful hunters, but they depended more
on large land mammals for their subsistence--tracking moose and migrating
caribou.
When it came to fishing, the Athabascans were absolutely ingenious, snaring
fish with hooks, lures, traps and nets that are the fascination of modern day
anglers who visit their camps.
Generally nomadic, they lived in small, simply organized bands of a few
families, and whenever possible pitched their camps in the sheltered white
spruce forests of the Interior. Some adventurous tribes, however, wandered all
the way to the
Aleuts:
Born of the Sea.
For the Aleuts, life centred on the sea as they distributed themselves among
the 70-some islands in the Aleutian chain across the North Pacific.
Life here was somewhat more benign that in the
Since their food supply was rich, varied and readily available, the Aleuts had
time to develop a complex culture. Evidence indicates that they practiced
surgery and that their elaborate burial rituals included embalming. Instruments
utensils, even their boats were made with amazing beauty and exact symmetry. And
everything was fashioned for a specific purpose--the Aleuts used 30 different
kinds of harpoon heads for different species of game!
Skilled navigators and sailors, the Aleuts had the dubious distinction of being
the first to encounter the white man...Russian fur traders who took them as
slaves to harvest the fur seals in the Pribilofs.PRIVATE
The
High Society of
The milder, more temperate climate and an unlimited supply of salmon and other
seafood’s enabled the Northwest Coast Indians to evolve a way of life quite
different from the Eskimos, Aleuts and Athabascans. They settled in year-round
permanent villages, took slaves and lived their lives according to the strict
rules, rituals, and regulations of their respective clans. Their artwork was
nothing less than masterful...beautiful blankets, finely woven cedar bark and spruce
root baskets magnificent totem creations.
Natives, who make up 15 percent of the state's population, maintain many
traditions, such as whaling, subsistence hunting and fishing, and old ways of
making crafts and art. Native heritage history and culture can be found in such
diverse places as
But while Native culture, as a whole, may define much of
There are European influences as well.
2. From the Russian Empire to the
The first written accounts indicate that the first
Europeans to reach
At the instigation of U.S. Secretary of State William
Seward, the United States Senate approved the purchase of 
purchase was not popular in the continental
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood
Act into
The name "
In 1976, the
people of
Over the years various vessels have been named USS Alaska, in honor of the state.
During World War II outlying parts of
3.
Geography.
One scheme for describing the state's geography is by labeling the regions:
• South Central Alaska is the southern coastal region with towns, cities, and petroleum industrial plants;
• The Alaska Panhandle, also known as
• the Alaska Interior has big rivers, such as the Yukon River
and the Kuskokwim River, as well as Arctic tundra lands and shorelines; and
• The Alaskan Bush is the remote, uncrowned part of the state.
Government.
Much of
Much of
Business.
Transport.
4. The most
important dates in the history of Alaska
August 21
- In
surveyor Mikhail Gvozdev sights
the
of
July 16
- In 1741, Vitus Bering, on St. Elias Day, sights the Alaskan
mainland. In honour of the saint, the most
prominent peak was named; this was the first point
on the northwest coast named by Europeans.
December 8
- In 1741, Vitus Bering died after his ship was wrecked on an
island off the Alaskan coast.
September 25
- In
May 12
- In 1778, Captain James Cook entered
May 26
- In 1778, Captain James Cook entered
August 25
- In 1778, Captain James Cook turned back south
July
- In 1786, while charting
swampedby rip tides, and 21 French sailors drown.
July 8
- In 1799, the Russian American Company is formed by Royal
Charter; they were given a 20-year monopoly on
trading on the coast from 55 degrees north.
March
- In 1812, the Russian American Company establishes a post at
September
- In 1848, the
the
confluence of the Pelly and
- In 1852,
objected to the
break the Tlingit monopoly on trade with the
interior tribes.
March
30
- In 1867, the
$7,200,000
July 23
- In 1867,
be opened at
October 18
- In 1867, official ceremonies at
July 27
- In 1868, the Customs Act is amended to include
October 7
- In 1869, the prediction of a total solar eclipse by American
scientist George Davidson so impressed Kohklux,
chief
of the Chilkat Indian
drew him an incredibly detailed map of a vast part
of the
interior of the
- In 1871, of the 41 whaling ships hunting in the
32 are trapped by early ice; all of the 1,200 people
on the ships escaped, but 31 of the ships were
destroyed the following spring.
August
- In 1876, twelve whaling ships are trapped by ice near Point
Barrow; 50 men die attempting to reach safety.
July 2
- In 1882, George Krause becomes the first white man
allowed to cross the
- In
North-West Mounted Police into the
the interests of peace and good government, in
the interests also of the public revenue." By June
26, Inspector Charles Constantine and Staff-
Sergeant
Charles Brown were at
for the goldfields of the British Yukon.
October 2
- In 1895, the
Districts of Franklin, Mackenzie, Ungava and
August 17
- In
Kate, Skookum Jim, Tagish Charlie and Patsy
Creek, and rename the creek
July 14
- In 1897, the Excelsior reaches
large shipment of
July 17
- In 1897, the
of
Excelsior's arrival at
gold rush.
- In 1898, gold was discovered near the future site of
triggering a stampede.
- In
2:00 AM and noon killed over 70 people.
June 13
- In 1898, the
July 29
- In 1900, the White Pass & Yukon Route railroad was
completed, with the Golden Spike driven at
- In 1900, Congress authorized a massive telegraph construction
project in
July 22
- In 1902, Felice Pedroni ("Felix Pedro") discovered gold in
the Tanana Hills, causing a stampede which
resulted in the founding of
May
- In 1904, the first commercial wireless communication
facility in the
Michael.
May 7
- In 1906, the Alaska Delegate Act was passed by Congress,
giving the territory's 40,000 people the right to elect
a non-voting delegate to Congress.
August 24
- In 1912, the Alaska Territorial Act was passed by Congress.
July 3
- In 1913, the first airplane in
flight at
March 12
- In
government-financed Alaska Railroad was signed by
President Wilson. Construction started in 1915, and
some sections were opened as they were completed,
but
the entire line, running from Seward to
was not completed until July 15, 1923.
October 25
- In 1918, the coastal steamer Princess Sophia sunk near
- In 1919, the
elections.
enfranchise women.
July 10
- In 1919, Louis Beauvette staked the first silver claim at Keno
Hill, in the central
producing 14% of all the
silver mined in
enfranchisement was passed in May 1918.
July 15
- In 1923, the Alaska Railroad was completed, following 8 years
of construction.
February 24
- In 1924, Carl Ben Eielson made
June 3
- In
June 7
- In 1942, the Japanese landed almost 2,500 troops on the
Aleutian
islands of
Allied force until August 15, 1943 to regain control.
September 24
- In 1942, the
miles north of
February 22
- In 1951, after 3 years of rumours, the federal government
approved
moving the capital of the
was constructed in 1952, and the Territorial
Council chambers were moved the following year,
with the first meeting held in
- In 1951, the Alaska Highway was turned over to
ceremony at
January 3
- In 1959,
March 27
- In 1964, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.4 on the
Richter scale
hits the
people and destroying hundreds of homes.
November 6
- In 1967, Jean Gordon, the
the Territorial Council, takes her seat.
- In 1968, the oil riches of
reported almost 100 years ago, were confirmed by
a
drilling program at
year, a total of $990,220,590 was bid in a one-day
lease sale of those properties.
January 23
- In 1971, the temperature at
dropped to 80 degrees below zero, the lowest
temperature ever recorded
in the
December 18
- In 1971, the
was signed into law by the President. Among the
major provisions were the transfer of title to 40
million acres of land to native corporations, and a
cash payment of $962.5 million.
February 14
- In 1973, the Yukon Native Brotherhood presented a
Statement of Claim to the federal government,
stating their position on land claims, self-
government and other issues which had been
published in January in "Together Today For Our
Children Tomorrow".
- In 1975, the first section of pipe for the Trans-Alaska
Pipeline
from Prudhoe Bay to
August, 21,600 people were working on the project.
The first oil was put through the 800-mile line on
June 20, 1977.
February 3
- In 1988, PL 100-241, the
Act Amendments, was signed by President Regan.
The amendments gave more flexibility to the
corporations managing Settlement lands.
March 24
- In 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez went aground on Bligh
Reef, pouring almost 11 million gallons of oil into
May 29
- In 1993, the Umbrella Final Agreement is signed by
representatives of the Council for Yukon Indians
and
the
establishing
the basic format for all 14
Nations land claims agreements.
Conclusion.
Summing up to the aforesaid, it would be desirable to emphasize, that Alaska is a crossroads of a sea, air truck transport between Northern America, Asia and the Europe, that’s why Alaska is one of the most perspective states of USA by way of development of economy and tourism. The variety of riches of culture, an abundance of national parks attracts tourists from the world.
The considerable contribution to
development of
The list of literature.
1. ДжеймсМикэнер«Аляска».
2. БобЧеррай «ДухВорона».
3. Marcia Simpson «Rogue's Yarn», «Crow in Stolen Colors»,
«Sound Tracks».
4. Gore Vidal «Williwaw».
5. Borneman «The Native People of
6. http://www.encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com
7. http://www.alaskacam.com
8. http://www.alaska.com
9. http://www.goingtoalaska.com
10. http://www.mapquest.com