Местоимения. Особенности употребления. Pronouns.(Английский язык)

THE PRONOUN


Кто? Чей?(+сущ. ) Чей?( без сущ.) Кому? Кого? Сам(возвратные)


I my mine me myself
You your
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· yours you yourselves
They their theirs them themselves


НО: oneself не употребляется с глаголами:
feel, relax, concentrate, meet, wash, shave, dress, behave,
bring, take with.

“ Do you feel nervous?” - “Yes, I can’t relax.”

НО: Behave yourself ! – ( Веди себя как следует.)

НО: by myself = on my own = alone
Did you go there by yourself? (один)
She likes to live by herself. (одна)


УКАЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ

Ед. ч. Мн. ч.

it they
this these
that those

This man is here. That incident happened there.
These children live here. Those people met there.




НЕОПРЕДЕЛЁННЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ

+ SOME I have some friends.
? ANY Have you any friends?
- ANY, NO I have no friends. I haven’t any friends.

НО: Would you like some coffee? (предложение)
Could I have some more time, please? (просьба)

ANY в утвердительных предложениях имеет значение «любой», «всякий», «какой угодно».
I like any pop-music.
Come any day you like.
Any time will do.
Неопределённое местоимение one употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными и имеет форму притяжательного падежа (one’s) и форму множественного числа (ones).

This student will be the first one to answer. (во избежания повторения).
One day we shall meet again! ( неопределённое время).
Nick is the one man to help us. («тот самый», «единственный»).
One must be carefull about what he or she says. («надо», «следует»).


С неисчисляемыми сущ. + С исчисляемыми сущ.

much (много) (?, -, +) a lot of many (много)( ?, - , +)

a little (немного) plenty of a few (несколько)

little (недостаточно) a great deal of few (мало)

НО: only a little only a few

We only have a little time. There were only a few houses.

a lot of luck lots of time plenty of money
a lot of friends lots of people plenty of ideas


SOMEBODY (SOMEONE) – кто-то Somebody is at the door.
SOMETHING - что-то Something must be done.

(NOT) ANYBODY - (никто) кто-то There isn’t anybody here.
NOBODY - никто
· Nobody knows about it.
NOTHING - ничто There is nothing there.

ANYBODY - кто-нибудь Is anybody in the room?
ANYTHING - что-нибудь Is there anything their?


SOMEWHERE - где-то, куда-то EVERYBODY – все, каждый
ANYWHERE - где-либо, куда-либо EVERYTHING- всё
NOWHERE - нигде, никуда EVERYWHERE – везде,всюду

НО: Someone has forgotten their umbrella. ( = his or her umbrella)
Nobody phoned, did they? (= did he or she)
If anybody wants to leave early, they can. (= he or she can)


no + сущ. No = not a or not any:
We had to walk home because there was no bus. ( there wasn’t a bus)

None - без сущ. “ How much money do you have?” “ None.” ( = no money)

None of - This money is all yours. None of it is mine. ( none of the students,
none of them)


bothand Both Chris and Pat were late.

neithernor Neither Chris nor Pat came to the party.

eitheror She’s either Spanish or Italian.
I couldn’t decide which of the two shirts to buy. I liked both.
“Is your friend British or American? “ “Neither. She’s Australian.”
“Do you want tea or coffee?” “Either. I don’t mind.”


All flowers are beautiful. (= all flowers in general)
All of the flowers in this garden are beautiful. (=a special group of flowers)


each , every

Study each sentence carefully. (= study the sentence one by one)
Every sentence must have a verb. (= all sentences in general)



another, the other, other, others

another + сущ. в ед. ч. или в значении «ещё, дополнительно»
I need another book. Can I have another book?

the other + сущ. в мн. ч. или + сущ. в ед. ч.
Where are the other books? (not these ones) Give me the other book.

other + сущ. в мн. ч.
What other languages do you speak?

(the)others - вместо сущ. в мн. ч.
Tell the others about it. Some people like spring, others prefer summer.



who, which, that (который, которая, которое, которые)
whose (чей, чья, чьё, чьи)


who (whom) - употребляются только по отношению к человеку
She is a kind of person who likes to go to the parties.
He was talking to a man whom (that) I have never seen before.

which - употребляется только по отношению к предметам и животным
The pen which you took is mine.
That is the horse which won the race.

that и whose - употребляются и в том, и в другом случаях
The boy whose book you took is a friend of mine.
It was pleasant to walk among the trees whose leaves were of many colours.