Стилистический анализ художественного произведения
Кичаева Ума Александровна
Стилистический анализ художественного произведения
методическое пособие для студентов 3-5 курсов
Махачкала 2016
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов факультета иностранных языков для использования на занятиях по аналитическому чтению при анализе художественного произведения.
Разнообразие текстов художественных произведений предполагает разнообразные творческие подходы к анализу художественного текста.
Данная методическая разработка содержит лексический минимум и примерную схему стилистического анализа художественного произведения.
Пособие составлено в полном соответствии с требованиями Государственных образовательных стандартов по направлению «Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация».
Содержание
Стр.
Введение
Vocabulary
An approximate scheme for the analysis of a text
Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices
Введение
Знакомство с лучшими образцами английской поэзии и прозы, умение вдумчиво читать и понимать художественную литературу в единстве содержания и формы способствуют всестороннему целостному развитию личности, становлению духовного мира человека, созданию условий для формирования у него внутренней потребности в непрерывном совершенствовании, в реализации своих творческих возможностей.
От правильного понимания текста зависит практическая деятельность человека. Интерпретация текста выдвигает проблему комплексного анализа, позволяет установить единство формы и содержания текста, взаимоотношение текста и внетекстовой реальности и, наконец, общекоммуникативной роли текста.
Предлагаемое пособие – книга для будущего учителя. Исходя из того, что интерпретировать текст на иностранном языке гораздо труднее, чем на родном, в первом разделе нашего пособия мы уделяем большое внимание усвоению учащимися лексики, необходимой для интерпретации текста на английском языке.
Во втором разделе дана подробная схема анализа художественного произведения, с помощью которой студент с легкостью сможет ориентироваться при работе над текстом. Данная схема представляет собой один из возможных вариантов, который поможет развить, расширить и углубить понимание текста на английском языке.
Vocabulary
1.writer
man -of- letter
писатель
essayist
очеркист, эссеист
dramatist
playwright
драматург
humorist
писатель юмористических рассказов
satirist
писатель-сатирик
critic
критик
novelist
романист
pamphleteer
памфлетист
poet
поэт
prose- writer
писатель- прозаик
short-story writer
автор короткого рассказа
realist
реалист
romanticist
романтик
2. What do you know about the author’s background?
Что вы знаете о жизни, семье и среде в которой жил автор?
3. to be descended from a family
to spring from a family
to come of (from) a family
происходить из семьи
быть выходцем из семьи
e.g. Walter Scott was descended from an old Scottish family.
4. to earn one’s living as a writer
to live by writing / by one’s pen
зарабатывать себе на жизнь писательским трудом/ пером
5. to show promise (at an early age)
подавать надежды с раннего возраста
e.g. Jane Austen showed promise at an early age.
6.to try one’s hand at smth
пробовать свои силы в чем-либо
to try one’s hand at drama ( a play, a short story, a novel, etc.)
пробовать писать для театра /пьесы, короткие рассказы, романы и т.д./
7. to chose the novel (a play, a short story, etc.) as one’s medium
писать в жанре романа /рассказа и т.д./
8. to draw on one’s own experience
писать на основе своего опыта
9. pen-name
pseudonym
псевдоним
10. to be (to become ) famous (popular) with the reading public
быть /стать/ известным /популярным/ у читающей публики
to gain (to win) recognition (popularity)
добиться признания
11. to be a writer of outstanding (great) promise
быть писателем, подающим большие надежды
12. to be a success
to have a success
иметь успех
13. to be a failure
потерпеть провал
14. to set out as a critic of social life
начинать как критик социальных устоев
to set out to expose the rottenness of bourgeois society
начинать с разоблачения прогнивших устоев капиталистического общества
15. to be a writer of rare genius
быть писателем редкого таланта
16. a genius
to be a genius in smth (in depicting smth)
гений
быть гениальным /в изображении чего либо/
e.g. W. M. Thackaray is a genius in portraying negative characters.
17. to be at one’s best
быть на высоте
e.g. Tennyson is at his best in lyrical poetry.
18. to be a prolific writer
быть плодовитым писателем
19. to have a gift for
иметь дар к
20. to write an essay on smth
писать сочинение /очерк/ на тему о
21. to take smb as one’s model
считать кого - либо образцом для подражания
e.g. Katherine Mansfield took Chekhov’s stories as her model.
22. to draw one’s subjects (characters) from everyday life (from one’s own environment)
обращаться к повседневной жизни /собственному окружению/ в поисках тем/героев
23. to turn to
обращаться к
e.g. Williams turns for dramatic material to the exotic and foreign elements in the American population
24. to redress smth
(social wrongs)
заглаживать/социальное зло/
25. social wrongs
evils of society
социальное зло
социальные несправедливости
26. author’s world outlook
мировоззрение писателя
27. to develop traditions
развивать традиции
28. to write in prose (in verse)
писать в прозе /в стихах/
e.g. “The Canterbury Tales” are a series of stories written in verse.
29. to be concerned in smth
быть озабоченным чем- либо
30. contribution to smth
to contribute (to smth)
вклад во что-либо
делать вклад в
e.g. W. Thackaray’s contribution to world literature is enormous.
31. to receive the Nobel Prize for literature
получить нобелевскую премию в области литературы
e.g. In 1907 Rudyard Kipling received the Nobel Prize for literature; he was the first writer and the first Englishman to whom this prize was awarded.
Speaking about books:
literary trend
литературное течение
Classicism
Классицизм
Renaissance
Возрождение
Enlightenment
Просвещение
Romanticism
Романтизм
neo-romanticism
неоромантизм
Naturalism
Натурализм
Symbolism
символизм
Realism
реализм
Critical realism
критический реализм
Socialist realism
социалистический реализм
2.fiction
беллетристика
science fiction
научно- фантастический роман
3.novel
роман
adventure novel
приключенческий роман
autobiographical novel
автобиографический роман
antiwar novel
антивоенный роман
detective novel
детективный роман
historical novel
исторический роман
psychological novel
психологический роман
novel of manners
бытовой роман
political novel
политический роман
social novel
социальный роман
4. fable
fairy tale
ballad
басня
сказка
баллада
5. to satirize
высмеивать
but the satire is not sustained
но сатира не выдерживается до конца
the satire soon fizzles out
сатира утрачивает свою силу, ослабевает
e.g. The novel is heavy with satire.
His criticism is strong; his satire is sharp and bitter.
6. to be superb in form and content
быть совершенным по форме и по содержанию
7. the theme of a literary work
проблема литературного произведения
8. the idea of a literary work
идея литературного произведения
to convey the main idea of the text (story) to the reader.
довести главную идею текста /рассказа/ до читателя
9. the plot of a literary work
сюжет/содержание литературного произведения
the development of the plot
развитие сюжета
the plot of the novel (story) is built around the character of
действие романа /рассказа/ строится вокруг образа
the plot of the novel centres round the character of
действие романа развивается вокруг образа
as the plot progresses
по мере развития романа
e.g. The plot of the novel centres round the tragic fate of the painter Dick Heldar.
to narrate
рассказывать, повествовать
narrator
narration
рассказчик
рассказ, повествование
the narration is done in the first/third person
повествование ведется от первого/третьего лица
the story is written in the first/third person
повествование ведется от первого/третьего лица
narration is clear, lively, swift, free- following, exciting.
изложение ясное, живое, динамичное, свободное, увлекательное
11.to describe
description
описывать
описание
to be described vividly, with infinite skill, with subtle irony, etc.
быть живо описанным, быть чрезвычайно тонко описанным, с тонкой иронией
blending of a description and a narration
сочетание описания и повествования
12.an account of events
описание событий
13.dialogue
диалог
14.the structure of a literary work
структура литературного произведения
story
течение /романа/
exposition
экспозиция, завязка
climax
кульминационный момент
anticlimax
denouement
развязка
the text falls into two/three logically complete parts
текст распадается на две/три логически законченные части
the story can be divided into two/three logically complete parts
текст можно разделить на две/три логически завершенные части
the general slant of the text (satirical, humorous, pathetic, unemotional, elevated, sentimental, ironical, lyrical, dramatic)
общий уклон текста
/сатирический, юмористический, патетический, неэмоциональный, возвышенный, сентиментальный, иронический, лирический, драматический/
the mood of the text the mood prevalent in the text
настроение, преобладающее в тексте
the atmosphere of the scene is tense (dramatic, matter-of-fact, humorous, lyrical, etc.)
атмосфера, в которой написана сцена напряженная/драматическая, сухая, юмористическая, лирическая и т.д./
to form a (gloomy, cheerful) background for the coming events
образовывать /мрачный, жизнерадостный/ фон для наступающих событий.
19. to create
воссоздавать
to create the atmosphere of the place, that is the setting for the events described
воссоздавать атмосферу места, что является художественным оформлением описываемых событий.
20. stage directions
сценические ремарки
e.g. Stage directions enable the playwright to comment on the behavior or the inner state of his character and hint at his own point of view.
21. to treat a problem
решать проблему
22. to give a detailed (thorough) analysis of
делать тщательный анализ
23. to employ artistic means
(a figure of speech)
применять художественные средства
24. the author achieves this effect by
автор достигает этого эффекта
/при помощи/
25. to contribute to the expressiveness of the story (text, etc.)
способствовать выразительности рассказа /текста/
26. to produce a vivid impression
производить яркое впечатление
27. the story is vivid (convincing, real, emotional, humorous, sentimental, etc.)
течение /рассказа/ яркое /убедительное, реальное, эмоциональное, юмористическое, сентиментальное и т.д./
28. the author has a feeling for
a (sense of)
автор обладает чувством
29. to bring out an idea (a point, a mood, feelings, etc.) more clearly
раскрыть идею /мысль, настроение, чувства/ более полно
30. conflict
конфликт
31. to be published posthumously
быть опубликованным посмертно
32. to rate a novel (story) among the best in
относить роман к лучшим произведениям в
to belong to the early (late) period of a writer’s literary career
относиться к раннему /позднему/ периоду творчества писателя
34. to borrow the title of the novel from
заимствовать заглавие романа
the title of the novel can be traced back to
заглавие романа восходит к
e.g. S. Maugham borrowed the title of his novel “The Moon and Sixpence” from a review of his book “Of Human Bondage”
35. to be a best- seller
бестселлер; быть ходкой, сенсационной книгой
36. not (never) to date
никогда не устаревать
37. the subject matter of a literary work
содержание литературного произведения
the subject of a novel (story)
тема романа /рассказа и т.д./
an interesting (original) treatment of the subject (novel, story)
интересная /оригинальная/ трактовка темы /романа, рассказа/, решение темы
38. the story has a happy (tragic, unexpected) ending
конец рассказа счастливый /трагичный, неожиданный
49. to be saturated (with)
быть пропитанным
e.g. The whole book is saturated with a feeling of a crisis of bourgeois England in post war period.
40. to hold the reader’s attention/interest
завладеть вниманием читателя
to keep the reader interested
захватить читателя
to keep the reader in suspense
держать читателя в напряжении
to create a panorama of events
создать панораму событий
e.g. In this book the author creates a vast panorama of events covering the span of seven years from 1938 to 1948.
to expose smth (the ills, evils, faults of society)
разоблачать что-либо/пороки, недостатки общества/
to ridicule
to mock at smth
осмеивать, высмеивать, насмехаться над
e.g. S. Maugham ridiculed philistinism, narrow-mindedness, hypocrisy, self-interest, utilitarian approach to art.
to brand smth
клеймить что-либо
to unmask smth/smb
разоблачать что-либо/кого-либо
to reveal smth
раскрывать что-либо
e.g. The story of the Forsyte family is revealed by the writer against the background of social life in England.
to proclaim smth
свидетельствовать/говорить о чем-либо
to be penetrated (impregnated) throughout with these ideas
роман весь пронизан этими деяниями
to despise smth
презирать
to paint smth
изображать
the story has brilliant, wit, sparkling (glittering) humour
рассказ написан остроумно /с блеском, с искрящимся юмором
to describe smth (to be described) with infinite skill, with subtle
описывать что-либо /быть описанным/ чрезвычайно искусно, с тонким юмором
irony
ирония
the author’s power of observation
наблюдательность автора
the story begins with a (the) description of (with an account of, with the characterization of)
рассказ начинается с описания
the story opens with a (the) description of
рассказ открывается описанием
at the beginning (end) of the story the author describes (depicts, touches upon, analyses, characterizes, etc.)
в начале /конце/ рассказа автор описывает /затрагивает, анализирует и т.д.
mode of life
образ жизни
e.g. Towards the end of his life Mark Twain grew more and more disillusioned and dissatisfied with the American mode of life.
Speaking about characters:
1. character
personage
1) литературный герой; персонаж
2) характер; характерные черты героя персонаж
e.g. The author introduces all his characters in the first chapter
S. Maugham’s stories are profound psychological studies in (of) character.
2. hero, protagonist
central (main, principal) character
главный герой; герой, типичный для данного писателя
heroine
героиня
3. heroes, good (virtuous) characters
villains, bad (evil) characters
положительные герои
отрицательные герои
women characters
men characters
женские образы
мужские образы
contrasting characters
контрастирующие/
противоположные характеры
e.g. Dorian Gray is influenced by two men with sharply contrasting characters: Basil Hallward and Lord Henry Wotton.
to bring in (to introduce) a lot of (very few) characters
вводить очень много /мало персонажей
characterization
character-drawing
искусство описания литературного героя
methods of character-drawing applied by the author:
direct characterization
indirect characterization
прямое описание героя
косвенное описание героя
to give (to write) a character- sketch/character-study of a character
раскрыть образ
to draw (portray) a character truthfully with convincing strokes
рисовать/писать/ образ правдоподобно, убедительно
to present (depict, portray) a character (truthfully, convincingly)
изображать героя (правдоподобно, убедительно)
a realistic representation of a character
реалистическое изображение героя
to create a vivid (striking, true-to- life) character
создать яркий/реалистический/
образ
negative traits/features
отрицательные черты в характере героя
light- minded
легкомысленный
selfish
эгоистичный
deceitful
лживый
sly
хитрый
envious
завистливый
idle
ленивый
greedy
жадный
merciless
беспощадный
pitiless
безжалостный
immoral
безнравственный
wicked
злой
heartless
бессердечный
cruel
жестокий
sinister
злой, зловещий
unscrupulous
неразборчивый в средствах
conceited
самодовольный
vain
тщеславный, самодовольный
12. to be a symbol
to be symbolic
быть символом
быть символическим
e.g. Mr. Dombey is the symbol of all that was cruel and inhuman in the upper- middle class in Dickens’s time.
Dorian Gray’s portrait is symbolic.
13. social prejudice
социальный предрассудок
snobbishness
снобизм
money–worship
культ денег
reverence for ranks and titles
благоговение перед званиями и титулами
hypocrisy
лицемерие
cruelty
жестокость
stupidity
тупость
14. to be devoid of
быть лишенным
e.g. Rebecca was cruel, selfish, devoid even of maternal feelings
15. to embody
embodiment
воплощать, олицетворять
воплощение
e.g. Becky embodies the very spirit of “Vanity Fair”, since her only aim in life is at all costs to make her way into high society.
16. this sides of his/her character are revealed through
эти черты характера героя раскрываются через
17. the author’s sympathy lies with (his character)
автор сочувствует/своему герою/
18. to be contrasted with smth
противопоставляться
e.g. Fowler’s corrupted moral, cynicism and disillusion are contraste
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· (climax) and doesn’t contain all the above mentioned elements it is called an open plot structure.
And if a literary work has all the above mentioned elements it is said to have a closed plot structure.
There are known 2 types of short stories:
a plot (action) short story
As a rule it has a closed structure; the plot is built upon one collision. The action develops and explodes dramatically only at the end. O. Henry’s novels reveal this pattern very well.
a psychological (character) short story
It usually shows the drama of a character’s inner world. The structure in such a story is open. The action is less dynamic. Many of E. Hemingway’s stories are such a type.
E.g. “Cat in the Rain”.
10. Ways of story representation
Narration is representation of the events in their development. E.g. “A Cup of Tea” by K. Mansfield.
“One winter afternoon she had been buying something in a little antique shop in Curson Street. It was a little box. The shopman had been keeping it for her. He had shown it o nobody as yet, etc.”
Description is a presentation of the atmosphere, the scenery and the like.
“Rain was falling, and with the rain it seemed the dark came too, spinning down like ashes. There was a cold bitter taste in the air and the newlighted lamps looked sad. Sad were the lights in the houses opposite. Dimly they burned as if regretting something.”
Dialogue is the speech of two or more characters addressed to each other.
Dramatic monologue
The narration or a character speaks alone but there are those he addresses himself to.
Interior (inner) monologue
The narrator or some character speaks to himself. E.g. “She went to her writing room and sat down at her desk. Pretty! Absolutely lovely! Bowled over! Her heart beat like a heavy bell. Pretty! Lovely!” (K. Mansfield, “A Cup of Tea”)
It usually allows the author to penetrate deeply into psychology of the character and to record his state of mind at a definite moment of an action or time.
11. Character drawing
The characters are usually presented as individual human beings in a literary work.
There are various methods of characterization in a literary work.
a) direct characterization- when the author defines the character for the reader by describing or explaining it, thus offering his own interpretation of each person.
E.g. “Rosemary Fell was not exactly beautiful. No, you couldn’t have called her beautiful. Pretty? Well, if you took her to pieces She was young, brilliant, extremely modern, exquisitely well dressed” (K. Mansfield, “A Cup of Tea”)
b) indirect characterization is through the action and conversation. The author leaves it to the reader to judge about the personages by what they do and say.
In the story “A Cup of Tea” Rosemary Fell is characterized not only directly, but also through her thoughts, her speech and her actions.
12. Stylistic analysis
Give a detailed analysis of each logically complete part. Follow the formula-matter form. It implies that firstly you should dwell upon the content of the part and secondly comment upon the language means (Expressional Means and Stylistic Devices) employed by the author to achieve desired effect, to render his thoughts and feelings
13. Summarize your observations.
Sum up your own observations and draw conclusions. Point out the author's language means which make up the essential properties of his individual style.
PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES
ONOMATOPOEIA is a combination of speech-sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature, by things, by people and by animals.
E.g.: ding-dong, buzz, bang, cuckoo, roar, ping-pong, etc.
ALLITERATION is the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonants, in close succession, often in the initial position.
E.g.: "Deep into the darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before." (E. A. Poe)
RHYME is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combinations of words. In verse rhyming words are usually placed at the end of the corresponding lines.
E.g.: "I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers." (internal rhyme) (Shelly)
RHYTHM is a flow, movement, procedure, etc., characterized by basically regular recurrence of elements or features, as beat, or accent, in alternation with opposite or different element or features.
E.g.: "The high-sloping roof, of a fine sooty pink was almost Danish, and two 'ducky ' little windows looked out of it, giving an impression that every tall servant lived up there" (J. Galsworthy)
LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES
BATHOS means bringing together unrelated elements as they denoted things equal in rank or belonging to one class, as if they were of the same stylistic aspect. By being forcibly linked together, the elements acquire a slight modification of meaning.
E.g.: "They grieved for those who perished with the cutter And also for the biscuit-casks and butter." (Byron)
METAPHOR means transference of some quality from one object to another. In other words, it describes one thing in terms of another, creating an implicit comparison.
E.g.: "In a caverni under is fettered the thunder, It struggles and howls at fits? (Shelly)
PERSONIFICATION is a description of an object or an idea as if it were a human being.
E.g.: The long arm of the law will catch him in the end.
METONYMY is the term used when the name of an attribute or object is substituted for the object itself. It is based on some kind of association connecting two concepts which are represented by the dictionary and contextual meanings.
E.g.: the Stage = the theatrical profession; the Crown = the King or Queen; a hand = a worker; etc.
Metonуmу is a transfer of the name of one object to another with which it is in some way connected.
E.g.: The hall applauded.
IRONY is a figure of speech by means of which a word or words express the direct opposite of what their primary dictionary meanings denote. E.g.: It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one pocket.
Irony is the clash of two opposite meanings within the same context, which is sustained in oral speech by intonation. Bitter or politically aimed irony is called SARCASM.
Е. g.: Stoney smiled the sweet smile of an alligator.
ZEUGMA is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being, on the one hand, literal and, on the other, transferred.
E.g.:" Whether the Nymph Shall stain her Honour or her new Brocade Or lose her Heart or necklace at a Ball." (Pope)
Zeugma - the context allows to realize two meanings of the same polysemantic word without the repetition of the word itself.
E.g.: Mr. Stiggins ... took his hat and his leave.
PUN is another stylistic device based on the interaction of two well-known meanings of a word or phrase, more independent than zeugma.
E.g.: What is the difference between a schoolmaster and an engine-driver? One trains the mind and the other minds the train.
Pun is play on words.
E.g.: "Did you hit a woman with a child?" - "No, Sir, I hit her with a brick."
EPITHET is usually an attributive word or phrase expressing some quality of a person, thing or phenomenon. The epithet always expresses the author's individual attitude towards what he describes, his personal appraisal of it, and is a powerful means in his hands of conveying his emotions to the reader and in this way securing the desired effect.
E.g.: wild wind, loud ocean, heart-burning smile, slavish knees, etc.
Epithet is a word or a group of words giving an expressive characterization of the subject described.
E.g.: fine open-faced boy; generous and soft in heart; wavy flaxen hair.
REVERSED EPITHET is composed of two nouns linked in an of-phrase. The subjective, evaluating, emotional element is embodied not in the noun attribute but in the noun structurally described.
E.g.: "...a dog of a fellow" (Dickens); "a devil of a job" (Maugham); "A little Flying Dutchman of a cab" (Galsworthy)
OXYMORON is a combination of two words (mostly an adjective and a noun or an adverb with an adjective) in which the meanings of the two clash, being opposite in sense.
E.g.: delicious poison, low skyscraper, pleasantly ugly, sweet sorrow, proud humility, 'She was a damned nice woman', etc.
ANTONOMASIA is the interplay between the logical and nominal meanings of a word.
E.g.: "I suspect that the Noes and Don't Knows would far outnumber the Yesses" (The Spectator)
SIMILE is an expressed imaginative comparison based on the likeness of two objects or ideas belonging to different classes (not to be confused with comparison weighing two objects belonging to one class). Similes have formal words in their structure such as like, as, such as, as if, seem.
E.g.: "I saw the jury return, moving like underwater swimmers..."
Simile is a comparison of two things which are quite different, but which have one important quality in common. The purpose of the simile is to highlight this quality.
E.g.: Andrew's face looked as if it were made of a rotten apple.
PERIPHRASIS (CIRCUMLOCUTION) is the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression. In other words, it is a round-about or indirect way to name a familiar object or phenomenon.
E.g.: a gentleman of the long robe (a lawyer), the fair sex (women), a play of swords (a battle), etc.
EUPHEISM is a word or phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a conventionally more accepted one.
E.g.: to pass away/to join the majority (to die), a four-letter word (an obscenity), etc.
BOLE is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a feature essential (unlike periphrasis) to the object or phenomenon.
E.g.: a thousand pardons, scared to death, 'I'd give the world to see him', 'I would give the whole world to know', etc.
CLICHE' is an expression that has become hackneyed and trite.
E.g.: rosy dreams of youth, to grow by leaps and bounds, the patter of rain, to withstand the test of time, etc.
ALLUSION is an indirect reference, by word or phrase, to a historical, literary, mythological, biblical fact or to a fact of everyday life made in the course of speaking or writing.
E.g.: "'Pie in the sky' for Railmen" means nothing but promises (a line from the well-known workers' song: "You'll get pie in the sky when you die").
SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES
REPRESENTED SPEECH renders the character's thoughts which were not uttered aloud. It is a purely literary phenomenon never appearing in oral speech.
E.g.: He looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a muddy one ... . Anyway, what would they find? Lots of trees.
PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION is a device in which the necessary condition is identical, or similar, syntactical structure in two or more sentences or parts of a sentence in close succession.
E.g.: "There were,..., real silver spoons to stir the tea with, and real china cups to drink it out of, and plates of the same to hold the cakes and toast in ". (Dickens)
Parallel constructions (or parallelism) present identical structure of two or more successive clauses or sentences.
E.g.: Passage after passage did he explore; room after room did he peep into.
CHIASMUS (REVERSED PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION) is based on the repetition of a syntactical pattern, but it has a cross order of words and phrases.
E.g.: "Down dropped the breeze, The sails dropped down." (Coleridge) "His jokes were sermons, and his sermons jokes". (Byron)
Chiasmus is a pattern of two steps where the second repeats the structure of the first in a reversed manner.
E.g.: Mr. Boffin looked full at the man, and the man looked full at Mr. Boffin.
RHETORICAL QUESTION is a statement in the form of a question which needs no answer.
E.g.: Why do we need refreshment, my friends? Why can we not fly? Is it because we are calculated to walk?
ELLIPTICAL SENTENCE is a sentence where one of the main members is omitted.
E.g.: "Very windy, isn't it?" - "Very." - "But it's not raining." - "Not yet." - "Better than yesterday."
REPETITION is an expressive means of language used when the speaker is under the stress or strong emotion.
E.g.: "I am exactly the man to be placed in a superior position in such a case as that. I am above the rest of mankind, in such a case as that. I can act with philosophy in such case as that." (Dickens)
Repetition is observed when some parts of the sentence or sentences are repeated. It is employed as a means of emphasis.
E.g.: A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick's face; the smile extended into a laugh; the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general.
ANAPHORA is when the repeated word (or phrase) comes at the beginning of two or more consecutive sentences, clauses or phrases.
EPIPHORA is when the repeated unit is placed at the end of consecutive sentences, clauses or phrases.
ANADIPLOSIS is structured so that the last word or phrase of one part of one part of an utterance is repeated at the beginning of the next part, thus hooking the two parts together.
FRAMING is an arrangement of repetition in which the initial parts of a syntactical unit, in most cases of a paragraph, are repeated at the end of it.
ENUMERATION is a stylistic device by which separate things, objects, phenomena, actions are named one by one so that they produce a chain, the links of which are forced to display some kind of semantic homogeneity, remote though it may seem.
E.g.: "Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign, his sole residuary legatee, his sole friend and his sole mourner." (Dickens)
SUSPENSE is arranging the matter of a communication in such a way that the less important, subordinate parts are amassed at the beginning, the main idea being withheld till the end of the sentence. Thus the reader's attention is held and his interest is kept up.
E.g.: "Mankind, says a Chinese manuscript, which my friend M. Was obliging enough to read and explain to me, for the first seventy thousand ages ate their meat raw." (Charles Lamb)
CLIMAX (GRADATION) is an arrangement of sentences (or homogeneous parts of one sentence) which secures a gradual increase in significance, importance, or emotional tension in the utterance.
E.g.: "Little by little, bit by bit, and day by day, and year by year the baron got the worst of some disputed question." (Dickens)
ANTICLIMAX is an arrangement of ideas in ascending order of significance,or they may be poetical or elevated, but the final one, which the reader expects to be the culminating one, as in climax, is trifling or farcical. There is a sudden drop from the lofty or serious to the ridiculous.
E.g.: "This war-like speech, received with many a cheer, Had filled them with desire of flame, and beer." (Byron)
ANTITHESIS is based on relative opposition which arises out of the context through the expansion of objectively contrasting pairs.
E.g.: "A saint abroad, and a devil at home." (Bunyan) "Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven." (Milton)
Antithesis is a structure consisting of two steps, the lexical meanings of which are opposite to each other.
E.g.: In marriage the upkeep of a woman is often the downfall of a man.
ASYNDETON is a connection between parts of a sentence or between sentences without any formal sign, the connective being deliberately omitted.
E.g.: "Soames turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave, watching a coffin slowly lowered." (Galsworthy)
POLYSYNDETON is the connection of sentences, or phrases, or syntagms, or words by using connectives (mostly conjunctions and prepositions) before each component part.
E.g.: "The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect." (Dickens)
ELLIPSIS imitates the common features of colloquial language, where the situation predetermines not the omission of certain members of the sentence, but their absence.
E.g.: "Nothing so difficult as the beginning." (Byron)
INVERSION is broken word order.
E.g.: Into a singularly restricted and indifferent environment Ida Zobel was born.
BREAK-IN-THE-NARRATIVE (APOSIOPESIS) is a break in the narrative used for some stylistic effect.
E.g.: "You just come home or I'll..."
LITOTES is a peculiar use of negative constructions aimed at establishing a positive feature in a person or thing.
E.g.: "He was not without taste ..." "It troubled him not a little ... "
Список использованной литературы:
Арнольд И.В. «Стилистика современного английского языка»
М.: Высшая.школа, 1991
Гальперин И.Р. Stylistics.М.: Высшая школа, 1971
Кухаренко В.А. «Практикум по стилистике английского языка»
Скребнев Ю.М. «Основы стилистики». М..: ОО Издательство АСТ. 2000
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