Методическое пособие Technical translation in everyday life

Предисловие
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Introduction to the theory of technical translation
…………. 5
Lesson 1
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Lesson 2
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Lesson 3
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 5
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Lesson 6
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Lesson 7
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Lesson 8
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Lesson 9
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Lesson 10
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Lesson 11
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Lesson 12
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Lesson 13
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Lesson 14
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Lesson 15
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Lesson 16
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Lesson 17
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Lesson 18
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Список литературы 159
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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящее пособие предназначено для использования на занятиях по техническому переводу сту-
дентами 1-2 курсов инженерно-технических специальностей.
Цель учебного пособия – развитие у студентов навыков и умений письменного перевода с англий-
ского языка на русский оригинальных научно-технических текстов, расширение словарной базы. При
подборе текстов авторы предусматривали прежде всего лексику, необходимую для дальнейшей само-
стоятельной работы студентов над специальной литературой. В пособии использованы как учебные
тексты, так и оригинальные тексты научно-популярного и научно-технического характера. Материалы в
некоторых случаях сокращены, но не адаптированы.
Во введении содержится основная теоретическая информация о научно-техническом переводе и его
видах, лексических и грамматических особенностях научного стиля, перечисляются основные транс-
формации, используемые в процессе перевода.
Учебное пособие состоит из 18 уроков, имеющих общую структуру. В начале каждого урока для
перевода приводится учебный текст общенаучной тематики. Для более прочного усвоения лексики
предлагается перевести краткую аннотацию этого текста на английский язык. Для развития навыков ре-
дактирования машинного перевода дается небольшой текст научно-популярной тематики с версией ма-
шинного перевода. Это позволит выявить буквализмы и вольности машинного перевода. Предлагается
задание на сопоставление параллельных текстов оригинала и перевода, критический анализ использо-
ванных переводческих приемов. Имеет место задание на восстановление целого текста перевода из от-
дельных сегментов. В конце каждого урока для перевода на русский язык предусматриваются техниче-
ские спецификации и руководства по эксплуатации различных электрических бытовых приборов.
INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF TECHNICAL TRANSLATION
Научно-технический перевод и его виды
Специфика научно-технического перевода заключается, прежде всего, в том, что он имеет дело с
особой сферой человеческой деятельности – различными областями науки и техники, для выражения
которых существуют определенные лексические, грамматические и стилистические средства языка.
Типы научно-технических переводов:
1. перевод научной литературы – перевод фундаментальной литературы по науке и технике – мо-
нографии, книги, учебники, диссертации;
2. перевод научно-технической литературы – перевод статей из научно-технических журналов и
сборников, докладов на конференциях, патентных документов, отчетов;
3. перевод производственно-технической литературы – перевод документов производственного
назначения (инструкций по эксплуатации, технических справочников, руководств, каталогов машин и
приборов, документов);
4. перевод научно-популярной литературы – перевод научно-технической литературы в адаптиро-
ванном виде и популярном изложении для массового читателя.
Научно-технический перевод требует хорошего знания языка перевода и оригинала. Поскольку на-
учно-технический перевод связан с определенной областью науки и техники, он требует хорошего зна-
ния предмета, описываемого в оригинале, а также знания методики и техники перевода.
Основные требования, которым должен удовлетворять перевод:
1. точная передача текста оригинала;
2. строгая ясность изложения смысла при максимально сжатой и лаконичной форме, присущей
стилю русской научно-технической литературы.
Лексические особенности научного стиля
Лексические особенности научного стиля – обилие терминов, служебных и вводных слов, частое
употребление сокращений, лексических новообразований, реалий.
Значительную роль в научной и технической литературе играют служебные (функциональные) сло-
ва, создающие __________логические связи между отдельными элементами высказываний. Это предлоги и союзы
(в основном составные) типа: on, upon, in, after, before, besides, instead of, in preference to, apart (aside)
from, except (for), save, in addition (to), together with, owing to, due to, thanks to, according to, because of, by
means of, in accordance with, in regard to, in this connection, for the purpose of, in order to, as a result, rather
than, provided, providing, both... and, either... or, whether... or (not). Кроме того, в научной и технической
литературе часто употребляются наречия типа: however, also, again, now, thus, alternatively, on the other
hand, являющиеся неотъемлемыми элементами развития логического рассуждения.
Под реалиями научно-технической литературы принято называть названия фирм, предприятий, ма-
рок оборудования, местонахождения предприятий. Реалии, как правило, не переводятся, а даются в тек-
сте перевода в их оригинальном написании или в транслитерации. Географические названия и общеиз-
вестные имена собственные приводятся в русской транскрипции.
Особенности перевода терминов
Термины – это слова или словосочетания, которые имеют строго определенное значение в той или
иной области науки и техники. Они точно выражают понятия, процессы и названия вещей, присущие
какой-либо отрасли производства. Все термины делятся на простые, сложные и словосочетания. Выде-
ляют общенаучные и общетехнические термины, отраслевые и узкоспециальные термины. Общенауч-
ные термины – это термины, которые используются в нескольких областях науки и техники. Отрасле-
вые термины – это термины, присущие только одной какой-либо отрасли знания. Узкоспециальные
термины – это термины, имеющие значения, характерные для какой-либо специальности данной отрас-
ли.
При работе с лексикой английской научно-технической литературы наибольшую трудность для по-
нимания составляют многокомпонентные термины, созданные лексическим и синтаксическим спосо-
бом, т.е. представляющие собой словосочетания, образованные по определенным моделям. Термины в
виде цепочки слов очень распространены. При их переводе необходимо уяснить, в каком порядке сле-
дует раскрывать значение данного словосочетания.
В беспредложном терминологическом словосочетании главным словом является последнее слово. Все
слова, стоящие слева от него играют второстепенную роль – роль определения. Перевод беспредложных
терминологических словосочетаний надо начинать с главного слова. Пример: life test – испытание на
срок службы. Рассмотрим основные типовые формы образования терминов.
1. Терминологические словосочетания, состоящие из существительных.
П р и м е р: antenna gain – коэффициент усиления антенны.
2. Терминологические словосочетания, состоящие из прилагательных и существительных.
П р и м е р: allowable power – допустимая мощность.
3. Терминологические словосочетания, состоящие из причастий и существительных.
П р и м е р: alternating current – переменный ток.
4. Терминологические словосочетания, состоящие из трех компонентов: наречие + причастие (или
прилагательное) + существительное.
П р и м е р: directly fed antenna – антенна с непосредственным питанием
5. Терминологические словосочетания, состоящие из трех компонентов: существительное + прила-
гательное + существительное.
П р и м е р: voltage-sensitive device – прибор, реагирующий на напряжение.
6. Терминологические словосочетания, состоящие из трех компонентов: существительное + при-
частие + существительное.
П р и м е р: noise measuring channel – контрольный канал для измерения шума.
7. Терминологические словосочетания, включающие инфинитив.
П р и м е р: ready-to-receive signal – сигнал готовности к приему.
8. Предложные терминологические словосочетания характеризуются тем, что главное слово стоит
до предлога, а слова, стоящие за предлогом, играют роль определения.
П р и м е р: noise in parts of radio links – шум на участках радиолиний.
Грамматические особенности научного стиля
Грамматика научного стиля характеризуется частым употреблением причастных и деепричастных
оборотов, простых, распространенных и сложноподчиненных предложений. Основной формой предло-
жений в научной и технической литературе служат сложносочиненные и сложноподчиненные предло-
жения. Это обусловливает широкое употребление составных предлогов и союзов, а также неличных
форм глагола в функции дополнения и обстоятельства и соответствующих инфинитивных, причастных
__________и герундиальных оборотов. Стилистические особенности – изложение материала от первого лица мно-
жественного числа, четкость формулировок, отсутствие экспрессивных, эмоциональных и образных
оборотов.
Приведем примеры перевода некоторых грамматических конструкций на русский язык.
Основные способы перевода страдательного залога
Если сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге, то подлежащее не выполняет действия,
а подвергается действию, выраженному этим глаголом. При переводе на русский язык страдательную
конструкцию можно передать следующими способами.
Русской формой страдательного залога данного глагола в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:
The paper was written last year.Статья была написана в прошлом году.
Возвратной формой глагола на «-ся», «-сь» в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:
The excavations were made on the left side of the hill. Раскопки производились на левой стороне холма.
Неопределенно-личной формой глагола действительного залога в соответствующем времени в 3-м
л. мн. ч.:
The excavation was made with great care. Раскопку производили с большой осторожностью.
Личной формой глагола в действительном залоге (такой перевод возможен только в том случае, ес-
ли указано лицо, производящее действие, т.е. если в предложении есть дополнение с предлогом by):
These papers were written by one and the same author. Эти работы писал один и тот же автор.
Особенности перевода безличных конструкций в страдательном залоге
Наиболее употребительны следующие модели безличной страдательной конструкции:
It is said that … Говорят, что …
It is expected that … Ожидают (ожидается), что …
It is known that …. Известно, что …
It must be stressed that … Следует (нужно) подчеркнуть, что …
It cannot be denied that … Нельзя отрицать (того), что …
It should be remembered that … Следует помнить, что …
Let it be stressed that … Следует подчеркнуть, что …
Безличные конструкции, употребленные в качестве вводного члена предложения, возможны как с
формальным it, так и без него:
As it is readily seen from the text … Как можно легко заметить из текста … .
Основные способы перевода инфинитивных конструкций
В английском языке имеется четыре формы инфинитива, которые соответствуют четырем группам
времен: Infinitive Indefinite, Infinitive Continuous, Infinitive Perfect и Infinitive Perfect Continuous. Инфини-
тивы Indefinite и Perfect имеют, кроме того, форму страдательного залога.
В научной литературе наиболее употребительны формы
Indefinite и Perfect действительного и страдательного залога.
Перевод каждой формы инфинитива в отдельности затруднителен, а иногда и просто невозможен,
так как полное соответствие в русском языке имеют только формы tо read – читать и to be read – быть
прочитанным (читаемым). Однако и эти формы не всегда могут быть переведены инфинитивом. Точ-
ные видовременные значения сложных форм инфинитива полностью выявляются лишь в контексте.
Частица to, почти постоянно предшествующая инфинитиву, может служить удобным признаком
для отыскания его в предложении, например, в тех случаях, когда инфинитив по форме совпадает с су-
ществительным или прилагательным, например;
experiment – to experiment (эксперимент – экспериментировать); fashion – to fashion (вид, форма –
придавать форму).
В ряде случаев, однако, инфинитив употребляется без to:
1) после модальных и вспомогательных глаголов must, can, could, may, might, shall, should, will,
would, need, dare;
2) в обороте «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» после глаголов чувства и восприятия (например: I
heard him speak. –
Я слышал как он говорит);
3) после сочетаний had better – лучше бы, would rather (sooner) – предпочел бы (например: You had
better begin now. – Начните лучше сейчас);
4) после глаголов to let – разрешать, позволять, давать и to make – заставлять (например: Let me
pass, please. – Позвольте мне пройти, пожалуйста; It made him laugh. – Это заставило его рассмеять-
ся).
Инфинитив в предложении может быть подлежащим, обстоятельством, определением, дополнени-
ем, а также входить как составная часть в сказуемое – именное и глагольное. Будучи частью сложного
дополнения, инфинитив образует оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом», а с предлогом for – инфи-
нитивный оборот «for-phrase». Инфинитив может входить в состав сложного сказуемого, образуя обо-
рот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом», а также употребляться как вводный член предложения.
Инфинитив в функции подлежащего. Инфинитив является подлежащим, если стоит в начале
предложения, отвечает на вопрос «что? что делать?», а непосредственно за подлежащим или за относя-
щимися к нему словами следует сказуемое:
То understand this author is not easy. Понять этого автора нелегко.
Инфинитив в функции подлежащего переводится инфинитивом или соответствующим отглаголь-
ным существительным:
To accomplish this work requires great skill. Выполнение этой работы требует большого уменья.
Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели отвечает на вопрос «для чего?, для какой цели?». Он
расположен в начале или в конце предложения и иногда вводится союзами in order (to) – чтобы, для того
чтобы; so as (to) – с тем чтобы:
Не has gone to England (in order) to perfect his knowledge of English.
Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства следствия обычно стоит в конце предложения. Характер-
ным признаком его служат наречия (too – слишком, enough, sufficiently – достаточно), расположенные
перед прилагательным или наречием, за которыми следует инфинитив с частицей to.
Инфинитив следствия переводится союзом «чтобы» с последующим инфинитивом. Все предложе-
ние нередко приобретает модальное значение возможности (или невозможности), которое в русском
языке выражается употреблением слов «можно», «может» и т.п.:
The finds are too few to be spoken about. Находок слишком мало, чтобы о них (можно было) гово-
рить.
Инфинитив следствия может также вводиться союзом as с предшествующими наречиями so или
such:
The rule has been so formulated as to be easily observed by everybody. Правило было сформулировано
таким образом, чтобы все могли легко его соблюдать.
Инфинитив в функции определения следует за определяемым словом (обычно это существитель-
ное), имеет форму действительного или страдательного залога и отвечает на вопрос «какой?». В рус-
ском языке инфинитиву в функции определения соответствует определительное придаточное предло-
жение, начинающееся словами «который», «кто».
Инфинитив в функции определения чаще всего имеет модальный оттенок необходимости, возмож-
ности или приобретает значение будущего времени и переводится с добавлением слов «необходимо»,
«следует», «можно (нельзя)» или глаголом в будущем времени:
This is the main difficulty to be taken into consideration. Это – основная трудность, которую ____________нужно
учитывать.
This is a rule not to be forgotten.Это – правило, которое не следует (нельзя) забывать.
Here is the text to be read by us next time.Вот текст, который мы будем читать в следующий раз.
Оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» переводится дополнительным придаточным предло-
жением с союзами «что», «чтобы», «как». При переводе существительное или местоимение становится
подлежащим, а инфинитив – сказуемым русского придаточного предложения.
При переводе следует обращать внимание на форму предшествующего глагола и на форму самого
инфинитива.
Infinitive Indefinite переводится глаголом в настоящем или прошедшем времени, Infinitive Perfect –
прошедшем временем глагола.
После глаголов to expect, to hope инфинитив в большинстве случаев переводится будущим време-
нем:
We expect this book to appear on sale very soon. Мы ожидаем, что эта книга очень скоро появится в
продаже.
Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» (инфинитив в составном глагольном сказуемом –
Complex Subject). Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» образуется из подлежащего (сущест-
вительного или местоимения) и сложного сказуемого, состоящего из глагола в личной форме и инфини-
тива.
Особенность оборота состоит в том, что действие, выражаемое инфинитивом, относится к подле-
жащему, а стоящий перед ним глагол указывает на отношение к этому действию со стороны говорящего
или вообще неуказанного лица.
При переводе на русский язык английское подлежащее переводится подлежащим, инфинитив – ска-
зуемым, а глагол в личной форме – неопределенно-личным предложением:
При переводе необходимо учитывать время глагола, стоящего перед инфинитивом; ср.:
Не is considered to be … Считают, что он … Не was considered to be … Считали, что он … .
Основные способы перевода причастных оборотов
В английском языке существуют три основные формы причастия.
Причастие I (неопределенное), имеющее от переходных глаголов и глаголов, принимающих пред-
ложное дополнение, формы действительного и страдательного залога, а от непереходных глаголов –
только форму действительного залога.
Причастие II (неопределенное), имеющее от переходных и принимающих предложное дополнение
глаголов лишь форму страдательного залога, а от непереходных глаголов – непереводимую форму,
употребляемую только в сложных временах.
Перфектное причастие, имеющее от переходных глаголов формы действительного и страдательного
залога, а от непереходных глаголов – только форму действительного залога.
Обстоятельственные причастные обороты характеризуют сказуемое и отвечают на вопросы: когда?,
как?, по какой причине?, при каком условии? и т.п. В функции обстоятельства употребляются все фор-
мы причастий.
Причастие I переводится деепричастием несовершенного вида или обстоятельственным придаточ-
ным предложением, время действия которого определяется по времени действия сказуемого:
Demonstrating his finds the archaeologist usually gives a detailed description of the excavation site. Де-
монстрируя (когда демонстрирует, при демонстрации) свои находки, археолог всегда дает подробное
описание места раскопок.
Независимый причастный оборот может выполнять в предложении функции обстоятельства време-
ни, причины и условия. Он всегда отделяется от главного предложения запятой.
В функции обстоятельства времени и причины оборот переводится придаточным предложением с
союзами «так как», «когда», «после того как»; например:
The conference being over, the participants went on an excursion. Когда (после того как) конференция
закончилась, участники поехали на экскурсию.
Their work completed, the secretaries left. Когда их работа была закончена, секретари ушли.
В функции обстоятельства сопутствующих условий такой оборот обычно ставится после главного
предложения и переводится самостоятельным предложением с союзами «причем», «а», «и», «тогда
как».
Подобно обороту «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» оборот «объектный падеж с причастием»
представляет собой сложное дополнение, которое в данном случае состоит из существительного в об-
щем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и причастия. В этой конструкции действие обознача-
ется причастием, а субъектом его является существительное или местоимение. Такой оборот в функции
дополнения следует после ряда определенных глаголов, употребленных в качестве сказуемого главного
предложения, а именно: глаголов чувственного восприятия (например, to see, feel, hear), глаголов to find,
expect, show и близких им по значению, а также глаголов принуждения (to make, to cause).
Оборот «объектный падеж с причастием» переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточ-
ным предложением с союзами «как», «что».
В том случае, если оборот образован с причастием I, сказуемое дополнительного придаточного
предложения следует переводить глаголом несовершенного вида:
I happened to look back and saw the men getting in and the car starting. Я случайно обернулся и увидел,
как люди входили в машину и как машина отъезжала.
В случае оборота с причастием II время сказуемого в дополнительном придаточном предложении
согласуется с временем сказуемого в главном предложении; ср.:
I often hear his book discussed. Я часто слышу, как обсуждают его книгу.
I heard my work discussed. Я слышал, как обсуждали мою работу.
Особенности перевода герундиальных оборотов
Герундий – неличная форма глагола, обозначающая действие и сочетающая в себе свойства глагола
и существительного. По форме герундий совпадает с причастием I и перфектным причастием.
В отличие от причастия перед герундием в тексте стоит предлог, существительное в притяжатель-
ном или общем падеже или притяжательное местоимение:
The author has succeeded in basing his study on sound principles. Автору удалось основать свое иссле-
дование на здравых принципах.
In spite of his being tired we had to disturb him.Несмотря на то, что он устал, нам пришлось побес-
покоить его.
I have been told of your friend's coming soon. Мне сказали, что ваш друг скоро приедет.
Наибольшую трудность для перевода может представить герундий с группой зависящих от него
слов, образующих герундиальный оборот.
I insist on writing the letter immediately. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы написать письмо сразу.
Субъект действия герундия не указан и может совпадать с подлежащим.
This reference-book differs from the previous in including a greater number of names. Этот справочник
отличается от предыдущего тем, что (он) включает большее количество имен.
Трансформации в процессе перевода
При переводе с русского языка происходит множество переводческих преобразований, причина ко-
торых чаще всего кроется в присущем английскому языку видении мира и связанном с этим явлении
языковой избирательности. Описывая предметную ситуацию, английский язык может выбрать иную,
чем русский, отправную точку в описании. Для него, в частности, характерно преимущественное ис-
пользование глагольных форм. Русскому языку, наоборот, свойственно более широкое использование
опредмеченных действий и признаков, что проявляется в более частом, чем в английском, использова-
нии существительных.
Главная цель перевода – достижение адекватности. Адекватный, или как его еще называют, эквива-
лентный перевод – это такой перевод, который осуществляется на уровне, необходимом и достаточном
для передачи неизменного плана содержания при соблюдении соответствующего плана выражения, т.е.
норм переводящего языка.
Структурные и лексико-семантические расхождения между двумя языками требуют при переводе с
одного языка на другой перестройки синтаксической структуры предложения либо лексической замены
английского слова, не имеющего эквивалента в русском языке. Для достижения адекватности перевода
применяют различные трансформации, т.е. преобразования, превращения. Каждый случай неэквива-
лентности структур требует определенной трансформации, которая обычно рассматривается как труд-
ность перевода. Основная задача переводчика при достижении адекватности – умело произвести раз-
личные переводческие трансформации, для того чтобы текст перевода как можно более точно передавал
всю информацию, заключенную в тексте оригинала, при соблюдении соответствующих норм перево-
дящего языка.
Типы трансформаций в процессе перевода:
• Перестановки – изменение порядка слов при несовпадении смыслового центра предложения.
• Замены, которым могут подвергаться как части речи, так и члены предложения. Часто замены
сопровождаются перестройкой всего предложения при передаче английской пассивной конструкции
действительным залогом в русском языке. К замене относится и антонимический перевод, при кото-
ром отрицательная структура заменяется утвердительной. Лексико-семантические замены – это способ
перевода лексических единиц иностранного языка путем использования единиц языка перевода, кото-
рые не совпадают по значению с начальными, но могут быть выведены логически. Прием смыслового
развития заключается в замене словарного соответствия при переводе контекстуальным, логически
связанным с ним.
• Опущения – во всех случаях семантического дублирования – при переводе парных синонимов
опускается повтор.
• Добавления – не добавление смысла, а добавление слов для сохранения смысла предложения.
Виды перевода:
• Перевод путем использования русских эквивалентов, т.е. постоянных и равнозначных соот-
ветствий в двух данных языках, в большинстве случаев не зависящих от контекста.
• Перевод с помощью аналогов, т.е. слов синонимичного ряда. В этом случае одному иностран-
ному слову соответствует несколько русских слов. Необходимо выбрать вариант, наиболее подходящий
по контексту.
• Калькирование или дословный перевод состоит в переводе английского слова или выражения
путем точного воспроизведения их средствами русского языка, при этом сохраняется структура пред-
ложения, каждое слово переводится так, как оно дано в словаре. Калькирование – воспроизведение не
звукового, а комбинаторного состава слова или словосочетания, когда составные части слова (морфе-
мы) или фразы (лексемы) переводятся соответствующими элементами переводящего языка. Дословный
перевод используется при совпадении в английском и русском языке структуры предложения и порядка
слов. Перевод является дословным, если в нем сохранены те же члены предложения и тот же порядок
их следования, как и в оригинале. От дословного перевода необходимо отличать недопустимый в пере-
водческой практике буквальный перевод, т.е. простой механический перевод слов иноязычного текста в
таком порядке в каком они следуют в нем, без учета их синтаксических и логических связей. В букваль-
ном переводе встречается наиболее распространенное значение слова или грамматической конструкции
без учета всего контекста. Синтаксическое уподобление или дословный перевод – такой перевод, при
котором синтаксическая структура оригинала преобразуется в абсолютно аналогичную структуру пере-
водного языка.
• Описательный перевод используется для перевода английских слов, не имеющих лексических
соответствий в русском языке. Передача значения английского слова при помощи более или менее рас-
пространенных объяснений используется для объяснения неологизмов. Описательный перевод имеет
место, когда полностью расходятся грамматические структуры английского и русского языков, вызван
особенностями сочетаемости слов английского языка.
• Транслитерация – передача буквами русского письма букв английского письма, независимо от
произношения английского слова. Иными словами, транслитерация – формальное побуквенное воссоз-
дание исходной лексической единицы с помощью алфавита переводящего языка, буквенная имитация
формы исходного слова. При этом исходное слово в переводном тексте представляется в форме, при-
способленной к произносительным характеристикам переводящего языка. Прием транслитерации мож-
но использовать в тех случаях, когда передаваемая реалия вызывает у читателя твердо укрепившиеся
ассоциации, в противном случае транслитерация должна сопровождаться соответствующим примечани-
ем, раскрывающим смысл данной реалии. Транслитерация целесообразна тогда, когда желательно вос-
произвести лаконизм подлинника и сохранить специфическую характеристику данной реалии в
иностранном языке.
• Транскрибирование – передача произношения английского слова русскими буквами. Это ос-
новной прием перевода при передаче имен и названий. Переводческая транскрипция – это формальное
пофонемное воссоздание исходной лексической единицы с помощью фонем переводящего языка, фоне-
тическая имитация исходного слова.
• Членение и объединение предложений используется при переводе специфических конструкций,
не имеющих соответствия в русском языке. Различают внутреннее членение (замена простого предло-
жения сложным) или внешнее членение (превращение развернутого предложения в два или более
предложения).
• Конкретизация – это способ перевода, при котором происходит замена слова или словосочета-
ния иностранного языка с более широким предметно-логическим значением на слово в переводе с более
узким значением. Генерализация (процесс, обратный конкретизации) исходного значения имеет место
в тех случаях, когда мера информационной упорядоченности исходной единицы выше меры упорядо-
ченности соответствующей ей по смыслу единицы в переводящем языке и заключается в замене частно-
го общим, видового понятия родовым. При переводе с английского на русский этот прием применяется
гораздо реже, чем конкретизация. Достаточно широко этот прием используется при переводе таких
слов, как: to be, to have, to get, to do, to take, to give, to make, to come, to go и т.д.
• Грамматические трансформации заключаются в преобразовании структуры предложения в
процессе перевода в соответствии с нормами переводного языка. Если рассматривать отдельные виды
грамматических трансформаций, то, пожалуй, наиболее распространенным приемом следует считать
замену английских существительных русскими глаголами. Это явление связано с богатством и гибко-
стью глагольной системы русского языка.
• Чисто грамматическая замена применяется когда единица иностранного языка преобразуется
в единицу языка перевода с иным грамматическим значением, однако, имеющим тоже самое логиче-
ское. Например, замена глагола на существительное, множественного числа на единственное и т.д.
Фразы, используемые при составлении аннотации
к тексту
1. The article (text) is head-lined …
The head-line of the article (text) is …
2. The author of the article (text) is …
The article is written by …
3. It was published (printed) in …
4. The main idea of the article (text) is …
The article is about …
The article is devoted to …
The article deals with …
The article touches upon …
5. The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on …
The aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material on …
6. The author starts by telling the readers (about, that) …
The author writes (states, stresses, thinks, points out ) that …
The article describes …
According to the article (text) …
Further the author goes on to say that …
7. The article is (can be) divided into 4(5-7) parts.
The first part deals with (is about, touches upon) …
8. In conclusion the article tells …
The author comes to the conclusion that …
9. I found the article interesting (important, dull, of no value, easy, too hard to understand).
L E S S O N 1
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
ENGINEERING AS A PROFESSION
Engineering is often compared to medicine and law in discussions of professional status. It would appear to
qualify according to the dictionary meaning of the word. Engineering require specialized knowledge and intensive
preparation with continued study after leaving the university. The profession has a strong organizational
structure, requires high standards, and operates in the public service. These attributes are commonly associated
with the word professional as it is used here. This is a rather restricted interpretation and it differs from its use
in describing, say, a professional actor or sportsman who is paid for his efforts, as opposed to an amateur who
performs for enjoyment. It is also sometimes used in reference to level of experience so that one speaks of a
professional job house painting or plumbing. Another use refers to a continued effort over an extended period
of time so that one hears reference to a “professional student” as one who spends many years at a university.
Most important is the fact that engineers see themselves as professionals. They have to be technically competent
and operate with responsibility in conformity with accepted notions of professionalism.
The type of responsibility is rather different from a doctor. The doctor’s responsibility is clearly recognizable
because of directness of a doctor’s relationship. For the engineer, the result of his labors – be it a bridge, airconditioning
unit, automobile or computer – is interposed between himself and the user. However, since people’s
lives are often at stake if an error is made, a high level of competence is essential.
Engineering is somewhat tainted in the public eye. It is recognized that technology, or its misapplication, is
responsible for the various pollution threats and also for devastating weapons of war, and the public assumes that
it is the engineers who have brought us to this pass. It should be realized that technology, too operates according
to demands, and just as the demand for goods, and comfort has led to environmental damage, so technology can
also correct this. In one sense engineers with their machines are the tools of society, and it is society that ultimately
determines how they are to be used.
The usual structure of engineering curricula includes four main components. First come the basic sciences
of physics, chemistry and mathematics. Then a block of humanities courses is required. The engineering
courses fall in the general areas of mechanics of solids, properties of materials, mechanics of fluids, thermodynamics,
electrical science, transfer and rate processes and systems. Finally come the design courses which put it
all together. It is this design discipline which exemplifies engineering in action, for it illustrates how engineers
solve practical problems by applying their scientific knowledge and skills in the interactive decision-making
process. This is how engineers adapt science to human needs.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Текст называется «Инженерия как профессия». В статье говорится о том, что инженерно-строительное
искусство как профессия основывается на специализированных знаниях. Согласно автору, данная профес-
сия требует высокой квалифицированной подготовки специалистов и обладает точными техническими
свойствами. Отмечается, что после окончания университета специалисту, чтобы стать настоящим профес-
сионалом, необходим опыт на производстве. Не менее важным фактором является то, чтобы он сам мог
ощутить себя профессионалом. Для инженера огромную роль играют результаты его деятельности: изго-
товление оборудования, компьютеров, автомобилей, что и является связующим звеном специалиста с по-
требителем. Но производство необходимых товаров современности ведет к загрязнению окружающей сре-
ды. Не нужно забывать, что производство военного оборудования и различного оружия – это тоже резуль-
тат деятельности инженеров. Инженерная технология базируется на основных принципах, а именно: на
точных науках, на гуманитарном цикле, на механической отрасли. В заключении подчеркивается, что са-
мым важным принципом является тот, который соединяет все принципы вместе и позволяет направить все
умения инженера в нужное русло.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
GRAPHS
We can see the relationship between two or more pieces of information by using graphs. They can, for example,
be used to show the relationship between size and weight or between speed and distance. Using graphs,
we can present numerical data as a picture. This often makes the data easier to understand and use. A simple
graph has a vertical axis (known as the Y-axis) and a horizontal axis (known as the X-axis). The axes are placed at
right angles to each other. The point where the axes meet is known as the origin, or zero point.
Используя графики, можно наблюдать зависимость между двумя или более видами информации.
Их, например, можно использовать, чтобы показать зависимость между размером и весом или между
скоростью и расстоянием. Используя графики, можно представить цифровые данные в виде изображе-
ния. Это часто облегчает понимание и пользование данными. У простейшего графика имеется верти-
кальная ось (известная как ось Y) и горизонтальная ось (известная как ось X). Эти оси располагаются
под прямым углом друг к другу. Точка пересечения осей называется началом координат или точкой O.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY ?
Electricity is a flow of
negative charges ailed electrons.
(Electrons are particles
that form a part of all atoms.)
These electric charges are
measured in units called coulombs.
Electricity is a very
versatile form of energy that
can be converted into many
other forms of energy, including
light and heat. There are
two types of electricity: direct
current (DC), which flows in
one direction only, and alternating
current (AC), which
(a) электричество; (b)
эти электрические заряды
измеряются единицами; (c)
называемых электронами;
(d) электроны – это частицы;
(e) который изменяет на-
правление потока 60 раз в
секунду; (f) существует два
вида электричества: посто-
янный ток (DC); (g) которые
входят в состав всех атомов;
(h) называемыми кулонами;
(i) электричество представ-
ля-ет собой весьма разно-
стороннюю форму энергии;
changes direction 60 times per
second.
(j) это поток отрицательных
зарядов;
(k) которую можно превра-
тить во многие другие фор-
мы энергии, включая свет и
тепло;
(l) который идет только в
одном направлении; (m) и
переменный ток (АС).
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
THE MICROWAVE OVEN
Shortly after the end of World War II, Percy Spencer already known as an electronics genius and war hero,
was touring one of his laboratories at the Raytheon Company. He stopped momentarily in front a magnetron,
the power tube that drives a radar set. Feeling a sudden and strange sensation, Spencer noticed that the chocolate
bar in his pocket had begun to melt.
Spencer, who obtained 120 patents in his lifetime, knew how to apply his curiosity. So he did what any
good inventor would – he went for some popcorn. Spencer didn't feel like a snack, he asked for unpopped popcorn.
Holding he bag oil corn next to the magnetron, Spencer watched as the kernels exploded into puffy white
morsels.
From this simple experiment, Spencer and Raytheon devel1oped the microwave oven. The first microwave
oven was very big and heavy. At first, it was used exclusively in restaurants, railroad cars and ocean liners –
places where large quantities of food had to be cooked quickly. In fact, it took decades after the invention of the
microwave oven for it to be refined to a point where it would be useful to the average consumer.
Today, Percy Spencer's radar boxes melt chocolate and pop popcorn in millions of homes around the
world.
Вскоре после того, как конец Второй Мировой Войны, Перси Спенсер, уже известный как гений
электроники и военный герой, посещал одну из его лабораторий в Raytheon Компании. Он остановил на
мгновение впереди магнетрон, труба власти (мощи), которая ведет (везет) радарный набор. Чувствуя
внезапную и странную сенсацию, Спенсер заметил, что шоколадный брусок (бар) в его кармане начал
таять.
Спенсер, который получил 120 патентов в его целой жизни, знал, как применить его любопытство.
Так что он сделал то, что любой хороший изобретатель будет – он пошел для некоторой жареной куку-
рузы. Спенсер не чувствовал себя подобно закуске, он просил о несовавшей жареной кукурузе. Прово-
дя (держа) он зерно нефти (масла) мешка рядом с магнетроном, Спенсер наблюдало как ядра, взорван-
ные в опухшие белые кусочки.
От этого простого эксперимента, Спенсера и Raytheon develloped микроволновая печь. Первая мик-
роволновая печь была очень большая и тяжелая. Сначала, это использовалось исключительно в ресто-
ранах, автомобили железной дороги и океанские лайнеры – места, где большие количества продоволь-
ствия должны были быть приготовлены быстро. Фактически, требуется десятилетия после изобретение
микроволновой печи для этого, чтобы быть очищенным к пункту (точке), где это будет полезно для
среднего потребителя.
Сегодня, радарные коробки Перси Спенсера тают шоколад и суют жареную кукурузу в миллионах
домов во всем мире.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
ELECTRIC OVEN
How to use the oven toaster
1. Insert the plug into the wall receptacle. Make sure that the timer dial is OFF.
2. Open the door and place the food to be cooked on the grill, then close the door.
3. Turn the timer clockwise and set the dial at the appropriate dial number according to the type of food to
be cooked. The toaster is switched ON, and cocking start.
4. To set the dial knob at dial number 5 or below turn the dial knob beyond dial number 6 first, and then
return it to the position desired.
5. When cooking is completed the bell rings and the oven toaster is switched OFF.
6. To stop the operation in the middle of a process, turn the dial counterclockwise and set it at OFF.
7. When you have finished using the oven toaster, be sure to turn the dial OFF and remove the plug from
the wall receptacle. If the plug is pulled out while the dial is ON, sparks may appear, possible damaging the
wall receptacle.
Precautions
1. If unwrapped meat or fish is placed in the oven toaster will stain in insides of the appliance, leading to a
change in the heating conditions. Wrap such food in aluminum foil before cooking it in the oven toaster.
2. To turn off the oven toaster in operation, turn the dial OFF.
3. When the food is done and the current has been cut, the dial will continue to make a noise for a while.
This is not a sign of any malfunction.
4. When the oven toaster is dropped or fall from a table of counter, should not use it again until it has been
inspected as safe by an authorized service facility.
5. Do not toast bread for more than six minutes. Avoid heating any food longer than the specified time or
it will burn.
6. When used in the oven toaster, the plate is also heated. Do not touch the heated plate.
Important safeguards
When using electrical appliances, basic safety precautions should always be taken including the following.
1. Read all instructions before using.
2. To protect against electrical hazards, do not immerse plugs, power cord, or heaters in water or other
liquid.
3. Do not touch heated surfaces in or after use, carry the toaster after cooled.
4. Close supervision is necessary when any appliance is used, by or near children.
5. Unplug cord from outlet when not in use, before putting on or taking off parts, and before cleaning.
6. Do not operate any appliance with a damaged cord or plug, or after the appliance malfunction or is
dropped or damaged in any manner.
7. Do not place on or near a gas flame or electric heater, and not use near to flammable things (curtain, alcohol,
etc.)
8. Do not let cord hang over edge of table or counter, or touch hot surfaces.
9. Avoid putting water on the body or washing the inside.
10. Do not splash water on door window then the oven toaster is being heated.
11. Do not put the oven toaster on a tablecloth, coated case, carpets or anything else that is not heat resistant.
12. Do not use appliance for other than intended use.
13. Do not turn on the oven toaster when the bottom lid is open.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
STANDARD MICROWAVES
Inverter Technology
Delivers true multi-level power settings, preserving the full flavor and texture of your food. The consistent
distribution of microwave energy also helps delicate foods to simmer without overcooking the edges and surface,
a common problem with microwaves. Inverter Turbo Defrost lets you defrost foods even faster than our
powerful auto defrost feature. This advanced sequencing system distributes microwave energy in a new and efficient
way, resulting in fast, thorough defrosting.
One-Touch Genius Sensor Reheat and Cook
Adjusts power levels and calculates cooking times automatically, making reheating and cooking a variety
of foods easier than ever.
Browner
An auto-browning feature lightly cooks the top of your food, adding an authentic, oven-like touch. Each
microwave has either 4 or 8 categories of browning, and some models come with an included browning dish to
enhance the browning process.
Elegant Faceplate Design
An attractive, reflective door and front panel will look spectacular in practically any kitchen.
Keep Warm/Simmer
Delivers low microwave power to keep your food warm without overcooking or to simmer foods like soup,
gravy, or desserts until they're ready to serve.
Multi-Lingual Menu Action Screen with Function Key
Find easy-to-follow instructions in English, Spanish or French just by pressing the function key on the
menu action screen.
Auto Reheat
Even if your food has been refrigerated, the auto reheat feature helps restore the original look and taste.
Auto Defrost
Defrost meat, poultry, and seafood at the push of a button.
Quick Minute
Set cooking times in one-minute intervals, or add a minute to a current cooking session.
Popcorn Key
Pop a bag of prepackaged microwave popcorn at the push of a button.
L E S S O N 2
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
REALM OF ENGINEERING
Traditionally, engineering activities have been grouped into certain areas of specialization. These originated
as civil and military engineering, catering to man’s early needs. Scientific discoveries and their development
gave birth to a variety of fields of application such as mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering.
Today the rapid rise of technology is bringing the adequacy of even these widely accepted designations into
question in describing specialist areas within engineering. Several of the more commonly accepted categories
are described below.
Aerospace Engineering combines two fields, aeronautical and astronautical engineering. The former is
concerned with aerodynamics, structure and propulsion of vehicles designed for the flight in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The latter relates to flight above the Earth’s atmosphere and involves the design of rockets and space vehicles
incorporating sophisticated propulsion, guidance, and life support systems.
The day when one man drew his design in chalk on the floor and then proceeded to build it are long past.
Today large teams of engineers are needed to cope with the complexity of modern flight vehicles. The design of
an aircraft involves a multitude of specialty areas such as stress analysis, control surface theory, aircraft stability,
vibration, production techniques and flight testing.
Agricultural Engineering is one of the earliest forms of engineering practiced by man. It uses agricultural
machinery, irrigation, and surveying and deals with the many associated problems of crop raising and animal
husbandry. Not only are the fundamental engineering subjects such as hydraulics, metallurgy, and structures of
importance, but soil conservation, biology, and zoology are also necessary components. It is here tat machines
interface with the animal and kingdoms. Challenging problems occur in areas such as land reclamation and efficient
utilization, and improved methods of food production and harvesting.
Chemical Engineering encompasses the broad field of raw material and food processing and the operation
of associated facilities. It is mainly involved with the manufacture and properties of materials such as fuels,
plastics, rubber, explosives, paints, and cleaners. The chemical engineer is well grounded in both basic and engineering
chemistry and apart the production of special materials, may be involved in such areas as combustion,
recycling of waste products, and air and water pollution.
Civil Engineering is one of the oldest branches of the engineering profession. It covers a wide field, and
many subsidiary branches have grown from it. The civil engineer is mainly employed in the creation of structures
such as buildings, bridges, dams, highways, harbors, and tunnels. He is usually knowledgeable in hydraulics,
structures, building materials, surveying, and soil mechanics. One important area comprises water supply,
drainage, and sewage disposal. More than any other branch of engineering, the results of the civil engineer’s
efforts are the most visible in a permanent form.
Electrical Engineering, in general, deals with creation, storage, transmission and utilization of electrical energy
and information. Most of its activities may be identified with power or communications. Electrical engineering
is of recent origin, dating back only to the eighteenth century, when electrical phenomena were first
subjected to scientific scrutiny. After this, useful applications were quickly identified. Today, the impact of a
power failure graphically illustrates our dependence on electrical power. The field encompasses information
systems, computer technology, energy conversion, automatic control, instrumentation, and many other specialties.
Industrial Engineering is mainly concerned with the manufacture of useful commodities from raw materials.
Since most of the other engineering fields have a bearing on this activity, the industrial engineer requires a
particularly broad view. The management of men, materials, machines, and money are all within his endeavor
in achieving effective production. Plant layout, automation, work methods, and quality control are included,
and, more than in most of the other traditional branches of engineering, the industrial engineer needs to have
some grounding in psychology and dealing with personnel.
Mechanical Engineering develops machines for the generation and utilization of power. Mechanical engineers
design turbines, engines, pumps, and their ancillary mechanisms and structures. Heating, ventilating, airconditioning,
transportation, manufacturing, and vibration are some areas falling within their domain. The art of
mechanical engineering dates back to the labor-saving devices and military machines of ancient times, but it
received its greatest boost in the eighteenth century with the invention of the steam engine and industrial machinery,
which marked the onset of the industrial revolution.
Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. The production and use of metals, has two distinct branches. One
deals with the location, extraction, and treatment of ores to obtain base metals, and the other with the transformation
of these metals into useful forms and with the study of techniques for improving their performance in
specific applications. The study of ceramics is often included in this field. Special topics range all the way from
materials that may be used with living tissue to the development of composites for high-temperature applications
such as in the heat shields used for satellite reentry.
In addition to the fields identified above, other categories of engineering are often encountered. These include
architectural, ceramic, geological naval and marine, nuclear, petroleum, sanitary, and textile engineering.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Текст называется «Сфера инженерии». Автор утверждает, что научные открытия привели к образо-
ванию несколько областей применения инженерно-строительного искусства, а именно: сельскохозяйст-
венная, химическая, гражданская, электрическая, металлургическая и космическая. В статье рассматри-
ваются инженерные области. Горная и металлургическая инженерия базируется на улучшении техноло-
гий добычи руд и других полезных ископаемых. Механическая инженерия разрабатывает оборудование,
направленное на производство и использование энергии. Воздушно-космическая инженерия основана
на изучении спутников и ракет, применяемых для полетов выше уровня атмосферы Земли. Сельскохо-
зяйственная инженерия направлена на улучшение урожая и поднятия уровня животноводства. Химиче-
ская инженерия имеет огромное поле деятельности: от производства пищевых продуктов до производ-
ства топлива и красителей. Гражданская инженерия – это самая старая из инженерных отраслей. Она
включает строительство зданий, дамб и туннелей. Электрическая инженерия – одна из самых важных.
Она обеспечивает работу информационных систем, компьютерные технологии, обеспечивает автомати-
ческий контроль. Промышленная инженерия базируется на выработке продуктов и товаров из сырья.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
COLOR
The three primary colors
of light are red, green, and
blue. When you mix one primary
color equally with another,
a secondary color is
formed. When you mix all
three primary colors, you get
white light. The way different
colors of light combine is
known as the additive process.
Тремя основными цве-
тами света являются крас-
ный, зеленый и синий. При
смешении одного основного
цвета с другим в равных
пропорциях получается вто-
ричный цвет. При смешении
всех трех основных цветов
получается белый свет. Спо-
соб комбинации разных цве-
тов света называется адди-
тивным процессом.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
QUANTUM THEORY
Quantum Theory explains
the behavior of light and other
forms of energy in the electromagnetic
spectrum. Quantum
theory explains how light
behaves in some ways like
waves, and in other ways like
streams of particles, which are
in fact packets of energy
called a quantua (one packet is
called a quantum). There are
three instances, shown here,
when light can be explained
only in terms of quanta.
(a) квантовая теория
служит для объяснения по-
ведения световой; (b) име-
нуемых квантами (один пу-
чок называется квантом); (c)
квантовая теория объясняет;
(d) когда поведение света
можно объяснить только
понятиями квантов; (e) и
других форм энергии в элек-
тромагнитном спектре; (f) а
в других случаях – как поток
частиц;
(g) почему свет ведет себя в
некоторых случаях как вол-
на; (h) которые, по существу,
являются пучками энергии;
(i) существует три случая,
показанных здесь.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Engineers in this field design, test, build, and operate machinery of all types; they also work on a variety of
manufactured goods and certain kinds of structures. The field is divide into (1) machinery, mechanisms, materials,
hydraulics and pneumatics; and (2) heat as applied to engines, work and energy, heating ventilating, and air
conditioning. The mechanical engineer, therefore, must be trained in mechanics, hydraulics, and thermodynamics
and must know such subjects as metallurgy and machine design. Some mechanical engineers specialize in
particular types of machines such as pumps or steam turbines. A mechanical engineer designs not only the machines
that make products but the products themselves, and must design for both economy and efficiency. A
typical example of modern mechanical engineering is the design of a car or an agricultural machine.
Механическая разработка
Инженеры в этом полевом проекте, испытании, строят, и используют машины всех типов; они так-
же воздействуют на разнообразие изготовленных товаров и некоторых видов структур. Область (поле) –
делятся на (1) машины, механизмы, материалы, hydraulics и pneumatics; и (2) высокая температура в
применении к двигателям, работайте и энергия, нагревая проветривание, и кондиционирование воздуха.
Механический инженер, поэтому, должен быть обучен в механике, hydraulics, и термодинамике и дол-
жен знать такие предметы как проект машины (механизма) и металлургия. Некоторые механические
инженеры специализируются в специфических типах машин (механизмов) типа насосов или паровых
турбин. Механический инженер проектирует не только машины (механизмы), которые делают изделия,
но и изделия непосредственно, и должны проектировать и для экономики (экономии) и для эффектив-
ности. Типичный пример современной механической разработки – проект автомобиля или сельскохо-
зяйственной машины (механизма).
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
AUTOMATIC TOASTER
Safeguards
When using electrical appliances, basic safety precautions should always be followed including the following:
1. Read all instructions.
2. Do not touch hot surfaces. Use handles or knobs.
3. To protect against electrical shock, do not immerse cord, plug, or toaster in water or other liquid.
4. Close supervision is necessary when any appliance is used by or near children.
5. Unplug from outlet when not in use and before cleaning. Allow cooling before cleaning.
6. To disconnect, make sure bread lever is in the raised position, then remove plug from wall outlet.
7. Do not operate this appliance with a damaged cord or plug or after the appliance malfunctions, or has
been damaged in any manner. Return appliance to the place of purchase for a replacement.
8. The use of accessory attachments not recommended by the appliance manufacturer may cause injuries.
9. Do not use outdoors.
10. Do not let cord hang over edge of table or counter, or touch hot surfaces.
11. Do not place on or near a hot gas or electric burner, or in a heated oven.
12. Oversized foods, metal foil packages, or utensils must not be inserted in a toaster as they may involve a
risk of fire or electrical shock.
13. A fire may occur if this toaster is covered or touching flammable material, including curtains, draperies,
walls, etc., when in operation.
14. Do not attempt to dislodge food when toaster is plugged in.
15. Failure to clean crumb tray may result in a fire hazard.
16. Do not clean with metal scouring pads. Pieces can break off the pad and touch electrical parts, involving
a risk of electrical shock.
17. Do not use appliance for other than intended household use.
18. Do not leave unattended when on use.
Instructions
A short power – supply cord is provided to reduce the ha/cards resulting from entanglement or tripping
over a longer cord. An extension cord may be used with care; however, the marked electrical rating should be at
least as great as the electrical rating of I the toaster. The extension cord should not be allowed to drape over the
counter or tabletop where it can be pulled on by children or tripped over.
How to Use
• Remove all protective wrappings from food before placing in toasting wells.
• Avoid toasting foods with "runny" frostings, icings or open fillings.
• Avoid torn slices of bread and broken pastries which may get lodged in toasting wells.
• For best results, clean crumb tray frequently.
• To remove lodged food, unplug toaster and allow to cool completely. Turn upside down and shake.
• Different breads require color settings. Bread lever may be raised manually at any time to check toast
color.
To Clean
Caution: Unplug. Never immerse toaster in water.
1. Allow unit to cool completely.
2. Wipe outside with soft, damp cloth. Never use abrasive cleanser or steel wool to clean.
3. Unscrew to pull open crumb tray at bottom of toaster and brush out crumbs. Wipe surface with damp
cloth to remove stubborn spots.
Note: When first used, your toaster may smoke slightly. Any smoke or odor is normal and will not recur after
a few uses.
Toast
1. 1 Plug power cord into outlet, the volt of which conforms to the electrical rating of the toaster.
2. Adjust color selector control to desired lightness or darkness. Turn knob to the LEFT for light or the
RIGHT for darker toast.
3. Insert bread into toasting wells and depress bread lever. Toast will automatically pop up when selected
color is reached.
4. Unplug cord from wall outlet.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
REFRIGIRATOR
Consider the following questions before you purchase a refrigerator:
Why should I purchase a refrigerator?
Perhaps no other kitchen appliance is used as regularly and by as many members of the family as the refrigerator.
Today's refrigerators provide more features and conveniences, styles and configurations, and energy
efficiency than ever before.
Where will you place your refrigerator?
The size of the space that you have for your refrigerator affects the size and configuration of the model you'll
purchase. Measure the dimensions of the area and have these in mind when you go shopping.
What type of refrigerator do you prefer?
You have many choices when purchasing a refrigerator: top-freezers with the freezer at the top, bottomfreezers
– with the freezer at bottom, side-by-side, and built-ins. You should purchase a refrigerator that
matches your needs.
Are there convenience features that I can choose from?
The following is a list of features you may consider:
• An ice-maker produces a continuous supply of ice and a frostless refrigerator (also referred to as frostfree)
refers to models that automatically prevent ice build-up through a process of constant evaporation.
• A water filtration system provides a ready supply of ice water and ice cubes without opening the
freezer door.
• Spill-proof glass shelves are easier to clean than wire shelves and the built-in lip of these glass shelves
also helps contain spills.
• A temperature control meat drawer with its own temperature controls and cold air supply allows you to
keep meat longer.
• Flexible space allows you to adjust door shelf bins and interior shelves to fit your size needs.
• A crisper drawer has a special built-in humidity control that extends the life of fruits and vegetables.
• A wine/beverage rack refrigerates cans and bottles on their side to conserve space and gallon door bins
are the perfect place for bulky items such as milk and oversized soft drink bottles.
• An egg/deli door bin stores eggs or can be converted to drawer storage.
L E S S O N 3
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
A FEW WORDS ABOUT GENERAL
ENGINEERING SUBJECTS
Mathematics is the science of space and quantity, concerned with concrete bodies and collections; it is now
recognized to be a vast aggregation of deductions from assumptions about pure abstractions.
Mathematics comprises several large branches. The first of these is arithmetic.
Arithmetic is concerned with numbers and numerical calculations. Algebra goes beyond arithmetic by
greatly extending the symbolism. In particular, algebra utilizes letters for unknown, or specified, numbers. This
makes it possible to deal with known and unknown numbers on an equal footing. A large body of algebra is the
theory of equations.
Geometry is a vast field of mathematics with many subdivisions. The basic elements of geometry are
points, lines, and planes. More complicated elements, such as triangles, circles, and cubes, are defined in terms
of the undefined elements.
Descriptive geometry is as much a branch of mechanical drawing as of mathematics. It is concerned largely
with representing three dimensions on a flat surface so that each part is accurately represented.
Whether mathematical physics belongs to physics or mathematics is determined by one's viewpoint. It is
mathematics applied to physical problems. Quantum theory and the theory of relativity are examples.
Physics is the systematic study of natural phenomena to dibasic laws governing them. Traditionally physics
is divided into several major topics, namely, mechanics, heat, optics, electricity and magnetism, atomic physics
and nuclear physics. Because of the remarkable unity of Nature this separation into topics is, to some extent,
artificial and only exists for convenience. Newton's second law, relating force to acceleration, ration, and his
third law, relating action and reaction, form the basis of mechanics. Maxwell's equations, which combine in
mathematical the laws discovered by Ampere, Coulomb and Faraday, form the basis of electricity and magnetism
and optics.
Mechanics is the oldest branch of physics, dealing with the state of rest or motion of particles and rigid
bodies and with forces acting on bodies. The subject has three main branches: statics, dynamics and fluid mechanics.
In statics, the forces acting on the body, or system of bodies, are so arranged that the body is in equilibrium.
Dynamics deals with systems in motion and may be divided into kinetics, the study of the effect of forces in
changing the motion of bodies, and kinematics in which the motion of particles or rigid bodies is considered
without reference to the forces producing the motion.
Fluid mechanics includes the theory of gases, hydrodynamics (the motion of liquids), and aerodynamics.
The mathematical development of results and theories arising from classical mechanics is called analytical mechanics.
Machine elements are the components that make up a machine or mechanical device, including both structural
members used to position or support and members used to transfer motion and energy. Design or operation
of any machine or device can be analysed in terms of its elements, A machine’s structural members are categorized
according to the load carry. Thus a compressive member is one that carries compression loads (i.e. compressive
stresses). Members used to transmit energy or motion are gears, cams, inclined planes, belts, levers and
wheels. Each of these elements may also carry any of the types of load described.
Metallurgy is the science of the technology of metals including extraction of metal from ores, processing of
metals into useful form, and the of their properties and behaviour. Metallurgy includes areas physics, chemistry,
and applied mechanics, and also the development metal and alloy systems. The branch of metallurgy called
metallography, or theoretical metallurgy, deals with the microscopic structure and constitution of metals and
alloys. Another branch of metallurgical science deals with the internal changes that metals undergo during
thermal and mechanical treatment.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Данная статья посвящена обзору основных инженерных дисциплин. Математика включает арифме-
тику, геометрию, описательную геометрию, физику, механику, динамику, элементы машин. Арифмети-
ка имеет дело с числами и вычислениями. Основой алгебры является теория управлений. Основные
элементы геометрии – это точки, линии, треугольники, круги и кубы. Описательная геометрия рассмат-
ривает три измерения на плоской поверхности. Физика включает такие разделы, как механика, оптика,
электричество и магнетизм, атомную и ядерную физику. Основная отрасль физики – механика имеет
дело с движением частиц и с силами, действующими на тела. Статика, динамика – это основные отрас-
ли механики. Элементы машин представляют собой компоненты, способные к перемещению и передаче
энергии механизмов. Металлургия занимается извлечение металла из руд, обработкой металлов и изу-
чением их свойств. Теоретическая металлургия или металлография имеет дело с микроскопической
структурой и конституцией металлов и сплавов.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
STATISTICS
The branch of mathematics
concerned with collecting
and interpreting data is called
statistics The data are often
collected by interviewing a
sample group of people who
are meant to represent the
whole population. If the sample
group has been put together
carefully, the findings
should be fairly accurate for
the entire population. The information
gained from the
sample group can be very useful
to government agencies
and businesses, helping them
find out tastes, opinions, and
Отрасль математики, за-
нимающаяся сбором и ин-
терпретацией данных, назы-
вается статистикой. Часто
сбор данных производится
путем опроса выбранной
группы людей, которая, по
предположению, представ-
ляет все население. Если
члены группы тщательно
отобраны, результаты долж-
ны быть довольно точными
для всего населения. Полу-
ченная от выбранной груп-
пы информация может ока-
заться весьма полезной для
правительственных органов
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 кв 2 кв 3 кв 4 кв
the probable outcome of
events.
и деловых кругов, помогая
им выявить вкусы, мнения и
вероятный исход каких-либо
событий.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
LANGUAGE OF MATH
Mathematics has a language
of its own, which uses
numbers and symbols instead
of words and punctuation. The
earliest recorded numbers
were marks made on a stick.
These marks were made in
small groups of, for example,
two or five. Eventually these
groups were given symbols of
their own (2, 5, etc.) and a system
of arithmetic developed.
Mathematicians introduced
special symbols to replace
words such as "plus" and
"equals". They also introduced
special words to express new
ideas. Terms such as "triangle"
and "square", for example,
were applied to figures that are
geometrically defined.
(a) они __________также ввели
специальные слова для
выражения новых идей; (b) у
математики есть свой язык;
(c) например, такими
терминами как
"треугольник" и "квадрат";
(d) сделанные на палке; (e)
эти зарубки были сделаны
небольшими группами; (f)
например, по две или по
пять; (g) в конце концов ка-
ждой из этих групп был при-
своен свой символ (2, 5, и
т.д.); (h) и это положило на-
чало развитию арифметиче-
ской системы; (i) математики
ввели специальные символы
вместо слов; (j) таких, как
"плюс" и "равняется"; (k)
были названы определяемые
геометрически фигуры; (l)
который использует цифры и
символы вместо слов и зна-
ков препинания; (m) самыми
первыми известными в исто-
рии цифрами были зарубки.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
FORMULAS
It is often important to know how to obtain a certain number from other numbers which are known. The
value of the number which we want to find depends upon the values of the known numbers. Thus the area of a
rectangle depends upon the values of two numbers, the and the width. The relation between the area two numbers
is definitely stated by the formula A = lw.
There are many ways of expressing relationship between numbers. In arithmetic it is usually expressed by a
rule stated in words; by using the language of algebra we abbreviate these rules into formulas. When we try to
get formula corresponding to a word statement, we write the words on a single line and then place directly beneath
each word or phrase the algebraic hoi that has the same meaning.
Часто важно знать, как получить некоторое число(номер) от других чисел (номеров), которые из-
вестны. Ценность числа (номера), которое мы хотим найти, зависит от ценностей известных чисел (но-
меров). Таким образом область прямоугольника зависит от ценностей двух чисел (номеров), и ширины.
Отношение между областью два числа (номера) определенно заявлено формулой A = lw.
Есть много способов выразить отношения между числами(номерами). По арифметике это обычно
выражается в соответствии с правилом (правлением), заявил в словах; используя язык алгебры мы со-
кращаем эти правила в формулы. Когда мы пробуем получить формулу, соответствующую утвержде-
нию (заявлению) слова, мы пишем слова на единственной (отдельной) линии и затем размещаем непо-
средственно ниже каждого слова или фразы алгебраический hoi, который имеет то же самое значение.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
HAIR DRIER
General Safety Instructions
Please carefully read all the following information, it contains important instructions for the safety, the use
and the maintenance of the appliance. Take good care of the operating instructions and pass them onto any future
owner. Although this appliance was manufactured according to the recognised technical rules, it, like all
other electrical appliances, becomes mortally dangerous when dropped into water. This danger exists even if
the appliance is switched off.
A fault current circuit breaker for personal protection (30 mA) reduces the danger from electrical appliances
that are accidentally dropped into water. Please ask your electrician. Repairs on electrical appliances must be
made by trained fitters only. Improper repairs can lead to considerable hazards for the user. The manufacturer
shall not be liable for any damage which is caused by improper use or incorrect operation. The user of the appliance
is urgently requested to observe the following instructions.
Take care!
− Do not use this appliance in the bathtub, shower or over a wash hand basin filled with water
− Do not place a faulty appliance into operation.
− To assure safe operation of the appliance, connect it and operate it as directed on the nameplate.
− Always switch the appliance off when it is laid on its side when interrupting the drying procedure.
− When overheated for instance by covering the air slots – the appliance switches off automatically and
switches back on again after cooling off for a few minutes.
− After use, pull out the mains plug.
− In case of a fault, separate the appliance from the mains (pull out the mains plug).
− Do not pull on the connection cord, but rather on the plug, to separate the appliance from the mains.
− Do not pull the connection cord over sharp edges or use it for carrying.
− Do not pull the connection cord over heated hotplates or open flames.
− Have repairs and adjustments on the appliance performed by a trained engineer from our customer services
department.
− Children must not use electrical appliances except under strict supervision,
− Clean appliance only with a dry or a moist cloth, making sure that you pull out the mains plug first
without fail. Never immerse the appliance into water.
− Worn-out appliances must be made unusable immediately by pulling out the mains plug and cutting
through the connection cord and removing the plug. Then dispose of the appliance properly.
Disposal instructions
Our products are protected as far as possible for transport by packing. This packing consists exclusively of
environmentally compatible materials, which should be taken to the local waste disposal establishment as valuable
secondary raw materials. You may obtain information on the possibilities for disposing of worn-out appliances
from your local council.
Voltage and type
See nameplate on the appliance. Connect only to alternating current 220 – 240 V.
This appliance satisfies the EC Guideline No. 76-889-EEC for radio screening as amended by Guideline
No. 82/499.
Use
After washing, rub down your hair thoroughly: First switch to stage 2 and predry your hair for continued
drying, switch appliance to stage 1.
Curling jet
The curling jet concentrates the airflow for specific drying of certain hair sections. It is used when you
want to give hair a specific shape; e.g. rolled on curlers or laid over a round brush. The curling jet is simply
attached to the air discharge opening of the hair dryer. It can be turned in any desired direction.
Cable holder
(on appliances that are equipped with it)
Wind up cable over your hand, place into the cable holder and press holder together.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
2001 Professional 1500-1800 watts
Lightweight 2000 hour,
double balanced motor
7 Ranges of speed and temperature
Removable lint filter
Tapered nozzle attachment.
L E S S O N 4
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
HORIZONS OF MODERN MECHANICS
In the development of mechanics, we can notice three main stages, three well-pronounced trends. In the
17th century, the great scientist Galilei and Newton laid the scientific foundations of classical mechanics and
formulated the basic laws of particle mechanics and the mechanics of systems and bodies. The calculations of the
movement and equilibrium of various machines are based on these laws: they are widely used in calculating the
movement and designing the control systems of planes and rockets, Earth satellites and spacecraft.
In the 18th century, through the efforts of the members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the laws of
classical mechanics were applied to the motion of fluids and gaseous bodies and, later on, to the deformation of
elastic media as well.
These gave birth to hydrodynamics – the science of motion of fluids in pipes, canals and oceans. Finally
came the theory of elasticity and strength of materials, which makes it possible to calculate the strength of all
structures and of aeronautical and space vehicles.
In the middle of the l9th century the laws of classical mechanics were substantially elaborated. They were
united with the laws of the theory of probabilities -static. This accounts for the appearance of statical mechanics
and the kinetic theory of matter, which made it possible to come close to a precise theory explaining the movement
of plasma, a special form of matter.
The 20th century has placed new tasks before the science of mechanics, and led to the further expansion of
its horizons.
The solution of important problems of mechanics speeds up the rates of technological progress in ship
building, aviation, rockets and space technology, power engineering, the atomic industry and so on, its methods
penetrate into related departments of science and technology, into physics, chemistry and biology, and into
various branches of industrial production.
Nowadays, mechanics invades whole departments of knowledge as well as individual scientific and technological
fields. For instance, the methods of modern aeromechanics find a broad application in the solutions of
many biological problems. The laws governing blood circulation, the hydrodynamics of heart and blood vessels
constitute the subject of a new branch of science biomechanics. The latest advances in mechanics will be of
great help in improving many production processes in industry and agriculture.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Название текста «Горизонты современной механики». В статье перечисляются этапы развития ме-
ханики. Согласно автору, в механике наблюдаются три стадии развития. Вычисления движения и рав-
новесия различных механизмов базируются на законах Галилея и Ньютона. Идеи, родившиеся в 17 сто-
летии, широко используются в наши дни для вычисления движения и проектирования космических сис-
тем. Законы классической механики продолжали развиваться и в 18 веке. Эти законы были связаны с
движением жидкостей и газообразных веществ. В 19 веке законы механики были объедены со статикой.
Именно эта идея позволила объяснить движение планет. В 20 столетии механика тесно связана с хими-
ей, физикой, биологией и техникой. Текст заканчивается описанием современных отраслей механики.
Механика современности имеет дело с проблемами аэромеханики. Благодаря современной механике,
появилась новая отрасль науки – биомеханика.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
Electric Circuit
An electric circuit is an
unbroken conducting path
from, and back to, a power
supply. It has three main parts:
the power supply, the conductor,
and the load. The power is
provided by a generator or battery,
the conductor carries the
current, and the load is an
electric device such as a lamp.
Электроцепь – это не-
разрывный проводник элек-
тричества, протянутый от
источника тока и обратно к
нему. Она содержит три ос-
новные составляющие: ис-
точник тока, проводник и
нагрузку. Подача электриче-
ского тока осуществляется
генератором или батареей.
По проводнику идет ток, а
нагрузкой служит такое
электрическое устройство,
как, например, электролам-
па.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
ELECTRICITY
Separating the different (a) который постепенно
parts of a compound using
electricity is called electrolysis.
For this to work, the compound
must be either in molten
form or dissolved in water,
and it must contain ions. Two
electricity-conducting plates
(called electrodes) are placed
in the compound to be split
(called the electrolyte). When
the plates are connected to a
battery, an electric current
passes through the compound,
which is gradually split into
two parts. This happens because
the negative electrode
(the cathode) has an excess of
negatively charged particles,
so it attracts the positive ions
of the compound.
расщепляет смесь на две час-
ти; (b) отделение различных
составляющих смеси при
помощи электричества назы-
вается электролизом; (c) что-
бы смесь была в расплавлен-
ном состоянии или была рас-
творена в воде; (d) через
смесь начинает проходить
электрический ток; (e) и что-
бы в ней содержались ионы;
(f) две электропроводящие
пластины (называемые элек-
тродами) погружаются в
подлежащую расщеплению
смесь; (g) (называемую элек-
тролитом); (h) когда пласти-
ны подключаются к батарее;
(i) это происходит потому; (j)
что на отрицательно заря-
женном электроде (катоде)
возникает избыточное коли-
чество отрицательно заря-
женных частиц;
(k) которые притягивают по-
ложительные ионы смеси; (l)
чтобы добиться этого, необ-
ходимо.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
GRAPHS
A graph represents numerical relationship in visual form. By use of a graph we can show the relation between
certain of numbers in an interesting, pictorial manner so that they can actually be seen. The most commonly
used graphs are: the pictograph, the bar graph, the line graph and the circle graph. In a pictograph, each
picture or symbol represents a definite quantity. In a pictograph we use pictures of objects to represent numerical
facts. The length of bars in a bar graph represents numeric facts. The bars are of varying length but of the
same width. They are usually used to show size or amount of different items or size or amount of the same item at
different time The bars of a vertical bar graph are drawn straight up at. down, that is at right angles with the horizontal
base 111 of the graph. The bars of a horizontal bar graph are drawn across the page. The line graph shows
the changes in a quantity by rising or falling of a line. The position of the line with relation to the horizontal and
vertical scales represents numerical facts. The line connects a number of points. An apportionment or distribution
graph shows the relation ship of all parts of a particular whole. The whole graph represents 100 %. A chart which
consists of a circle broken down into subdivision is called a circle graph. A circle graph used to show how all the
parts are related to the whole. The entire circle, which equals 360°, represents the entire thing.
Граф представляет числовые отношения в визуальной форме. При помощи графа мы можем пока-
зать отношение между уверенным относительно чисел(номеров) в интересной, иллюстрированной ма-
нере так, чтобы они могли фактически быть замечены. T он наиболее обычно использовал графы: пик-
тограмма, гистограмма, граф линии и граф круга. В пиктограмме, каждая картина или символ представ-
ляют определенное количество.
В пиктограмме мы используем картины объектов(целей) представить числовые факты. Длина бру-
сков (баров) в гистограмме представляет числовые факты. Бруски (бары) имеют изменяющуюся длину,
но той же самой ширины. Они обычно используются, чтобы показать размер или количество различных
пунктов (изделий) или размера или количества того же самого пункта (изделия) в различное время, в
котором бруски (бары) вертикальной гистограммы оттянуты прямо. вниз, это – под прямым углом с го-
ризонтальной основой 111 из графа. Бруски (бары) горизонтальной гистограммы оттянуты поперек
страницы. Граф линии показывает изменения (замены) в количестве, повышаясь или падая линии. По-
ложение (позиция) линии с отношением к горизонтальным и вертикальным масштабам представляет
числовые факты. Линия соединяет множество пунктов (точек). Пропорциональное распределение или
граф распределения показывают судно отношения всех частей специфического целого. Целый граф
представляет 100 %. Диаграмму, которая состоит из круга, разломанного вниз на подразделение, назы-
вают графом круга. Граф круга имел обыкновение показывать, как все части связаны с целым. Полный
круг, который равняется 360°, представляет полную вещь.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
JUICE EXTRACOR
Important Safeguards
How to use
When using electrical appliances, basic safety precautions should always be followed including the following:
1. Read all instructions.
2. To protect against risk of electrical shock do not immerse unit in water or other liquid.
3. Close supervision is necessary when any appliance is used by or near children.
4. Unplug from outlet when not in use, before putting on or taking off parts, and before cleaning.
5. Avoid contacting moving parts.
a) Moving Parts. Keep fingers out of discharge opening.
b) Never feed food by hand. Always use food pusher.
c) Blade is sharp. Handle carefully.
6. Do not operate any appliance with a damaged cord or plug or after the appliance malfunctions, or is
dropped or damaged in any manner. Return appliance to the nearest authorized service facility for examination,
repair or electrical or mechanical adjustment.
7. The use of attachments not recommended or sold by the appliance manufacturer may cause fire, electrical
shock or injury.
8. Do not use outdoors.
9. Do not let cord hang over edge of table or counter or touch hot surfaces.
10. Do not let cord contact hot surface including the stove.
11. Always make sure juicer cover is clamped securely in place before motor is turned on. Do not unfasten
cover snap while juicer is in operation.
12. Be sure to turn switch to off position after each use of your juice extractor. Make sure the motor stops
completely before disassembling, and the power supply plug is removed from the outlet.
13. Do not put your fingers or other foreign objects into the juice extractor opening while it is in operation.
lf food becomes lodged in opening, use food pusher or another piece of fruit or vegetable to push it down.
When this method is not possible, turn the motor off and disassemble juicer to remove the remaining food.
How to use
1. Before attaching the power supply cord to a suitable 220VAC outlet, make sure the switch is in the
OFF position, and the cover snap are safely locked in place.
2. Cut fruits and vegetables into smaller pieces in order to fit into the feeding funnel of the cover.
NOTE:
a) Not recommended for bananas, peaches, apricots, etc, because there is little juice yielded.
b) Not recommended for processing coconuts or similar hard foodstuffs, since this may damage the motor
and the filter.
c) The peel and pits should be removed from oranges , lemons, grapefruits, and melons, with the core from
pineapples removed.
3. Turn the power switchd to "ON".
4. Drop the prepared fruits into the feeding funnel of the cover and gently push the fruit down into the
filter using the pusher.
5. When the pulp container or the juice container are full, turn the power switch to "OFF", and empty the
full container(s) before continuing to use the juice extractor.
6. After using the juice extractor, turn the switch to the "OFF" position and disconnect the plug.
7. Avoid using the juice extractor continuously for more than
4 minutes. Turn the switch to the "OFF" position and let the unit cool for approximately 2 minutes.
8. Always keeps motor housing dry.
How to clean
1. Make sure the switch is in the "OFF" position and the unit is unplugged from the outlet. Open the cover
snap, remove the cover, pulp collector, and filter. Clean these parts under running water. NEVER wash the motor
housing. Simply wipe it with a damp cloth.
2. To clean the filter easily, a small tooth brush (not included) is recommended.
3. Dry all parts.
4. Assemble all parts and store unplugged in a dry place until next time.
VI. Translate the following specification into Russian.
KENMORE JUICER
400 W power juicer for optimum juice extraction. Pulp automatically empties into detachable pulp collector
during operation. Extra-wide 3 in. feed tube eliminates most precutting. 32 oz. cup included. Sears item
#00867701000 Mfr. model #JEX328S
Sears exclusive. This item is only available at Sears. Optimum nutrition – an invaluable aid in maintaining
a balanced diet
• Raw juice contains precious vitamins, minerals, bioflavonoids and enzymes.
• Juicing suggestions and educational information included.
• Easy clean up: large, detachable pulp collector.
Removable parts are dishwasher safe on top rack of dishwasher.
L E S S O N 5
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
FORCE
The term “force”, as used in mechanics, refers to what is known in everyday language as push or pull. We
can exert a force on a body by muscular effort; a stretched spring exerts a force on the bodies to which its ends
are attached; compressed air exerts a force on the walls of its container. In all these instances the body exerting
the force is in contact with the body, on which the force is exerted, and the forces of this sort are known as contact
forces. There are also forces which act through empty space without contact, and are called action-at-a distance
forces. The force of gravitational attraction exerted on a body by the earth, and known as the weight of
the body, is the most important of these for our present study.
External and internal forces. One should distinguish between forces as external or internal with reference to
any particular body. Those forces acting on a given body which are exerted by other bodies are referred to as
external forces. Forces exerted on one part of the body by other parts of the same body are called internal
forces.
Graphical representation of forces. Vectors. Suppose we are to slide a box along the floor by pulling it with
a string or pushing it with a stick. That is, we are to slide it by exerting a force on it. For concreteness let us assume
the magnitude of the push or pull to be
10 lbs. It should be noted that simply to write “10 lbs” on the diagram would not completely describe the force,
since it would not indicate the direction in which the force was acting. If we represent a force by an arrow
called a vector, the length of the arrow, to some chosen scale, will indicate the size or magnitude of the force,
and the direction in which the arrow points will indicate the direction of the force.
Quantities like force and velocity, which involve both magnitude and direction, are called vector quantities.
Those like density, which involve magnitude only, are called scalars.
Composition of forces. When a number of forces are simultaneously applied at a point, it is found that the
same effect can always be produced by a single force having the proper magnitude and direction. We wish to
find this force, called the resultant, when the separate forces are known. The process is known as the composition
of forces, and is evidently the converse problem to that of resolving a given force into components.
When two or more forces are to be combined, one may first find the resultant of any two, and then combine
this resultant with a third, and so on.
Vector difference. The resultant of two vectors is also referred to as their vector sum, and the process of
finding the resultant is called vector addition. In many instances, as when computing accelerations or relative
velocities, it is necessary to subtract one vector from another or to find their vector difference.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Название текста – «Сила». Цель статьи – дать читателю представление о данном понятии. Физиче-
ский термин «сила», используемый в механике, обозначает толчок или напряжение. Обычно тело, кото-
рое проявляет силу, взаимодействует с телом, на которое данная сила направлена. Силы данного вида
известны как взаимодействующие силы. Автор приводит примеры взаимодействующих сил: сила мус-
кулов, сила пружины, а также сила сжатого воздуха на стенки сосуда. Силы бывают внутренние и
внешние. Сила и скорость составляют векторные величины. На точку может воздействовать как одна
сила, так и множество сил. Если объединить две и более сил, то можно сначала найти результат любых
двух сил, затем объединить полученный результат с третьей и т.д. Статья заканчивается описанием век-
торной силы.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
WHAT IS FORCE ?
The push or pull that
starts an object moving is a
force. Forces not only make
things move,
they can also speed up or
slow down а moving object,
make it change direction, or
even distort its shape. Generally,
the stronger the force, the
greater the effect it has on an
object.
Толчок или натяжение,
которые приводят объект в
движение, называются си-
лой. Силы не только приво-
дят объекты в движение, на-
зываются силой. Они также
могут ускорить или замед-
лить движущийся объект
заставить его изменить на-
правление движения или
даже исказить его форму.
Вообще говоря, чем больше
сила, тем большее влияние
она оказывает на объект.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
DYNAMICS
The study of dynamics is
part of a wide field of study
called mechanics, which investigates
physical forces.
Dynamics is concerned with
the nature of the forces that
cause objects to move. There
are many different kinds of
such forces, for example,
gravity and friction, which
produce many different kinds
of motion. The type of motion
produced will depend on the
size, direction and rate of the
forces that cause it to happen.
(a) направления и ско-
рости сил; (b) исследующей
физические силы; (c) харак-
тер произведенного движе-
ния будет зависеть от вели-
чины;
(d) динамика занимается
природой тех сил; (e) кото-
рые приводят в движение
предметы;
(f) существует много разных
видов таких сил; (g) напри-
мер, силы притяжения и
трения;
(h) являющихся причиной
разных видов движения; (i)
именуемых механикой; (j)
вызвавших это движение;
(k) динамика является ча-
стью крупной отрасли зна-
ний.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
SOUND
Every source of sound is in a state of vibration. Sometimes the vibration is of short duration as in the crack
of a whip or the bang of a gun, in many instances the vibration is clearly visible, as in the case of a taut wire.
The vibratory origin of many common sounds is not so obvious, often because the vibrating system is gaseous
and therefore invisible – the moaning of wind, the note of a whistle, the thunderous noise which succeeds a
lightning flash, but experiments have been devised which prove the vibratory nature of all such sounds. Mere
vibration, however, is not in itself sufficient to produce the sensation of sound; there must be some material
medium to transmit the effects of the vibration to the ear of the listener – sound cannot travel through vacuum.
This can be proved by hanging an electric bell in a glass jar from which air can be withdrawn by exhaust pump.
Каждый источник звука – в состоянии вибрации. Иногда вибрация имеет короткую продолжитель-
ность как в трещине кнута или удара оружия, во многих случаях, вибрация является ясно видимой, как в
случае тугого провода. Вибрирующее происхождение многих общих(обычных) звуков не настолько
очевидно, часто потому что вибрирующая система газообразна и поэтому невидима – стенание ветра,
примечание свиста, грозовой шум, который следует за вспышкой молнии, но эксперименты были изо-
бретены, которые доказывают вибрирующий характер (природу) всех таких звуков. Простая вибрация,
однако, не сам по себе достаточна, чтобы произвести сенсацию звука; должна быть немного материаль-
ной среды, чтобы передать эффекты вибрации к уху слушателя – звук не может путешествовать через
вакуум. Это может быть доказано, вешая электрический звонок в стеклянной фляге, от которой воздух
может быть забран выхлопным насосом.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
CORDED/CORDLESS TELEPHONE
Battery Installation
• Turn the cordless handset off before battery installation.
1. Turn the antenna to the right and pull it out.
2. Remove the screw cover on the rear bottom side and release the screw.
3. Open the rear handset cover and change the battery.
4. Assemble the rear handset cover.
To charge the battery
Place the cordless handset on the charger.
Charge the battery in the cordless handset for about 8 hours before initial use.
• When the battery gets exhausted, warning tones will sound. Then, place the cordless handset on the
base unit to recharge the battery.
15 CHANNEL AUTOSCAN
Press the CH. button on the cordless handset until the clearest channel is selected.
Use this function to remove interference noise during a phone conversation.
TELESCOPIC ANTENNA
Extend the telescopic antenna of the base unit fully and vertically for the best performance.
• TONE / PULSE SELECTION
Set the TONE / PULSE switch on the base unit or on the corded handset to.
• T: for the telephone line with the touch tone service.
• P : for the telephone line with the rotary service.
• You can use the touch tone service in the rotary service area using the corded handset. Dial the phone
number and press the TONE button on the corded handset to change the dialing mode from pulse to tone.
The TONE mode will continue until you end the call. You can access special services such as electronic
banking, calling cards, telephone answering equipment, etc., which require tone signals for operation in the rotary
service area using this function.
Making Calls
Using the cordless handset
Press the TALK button on the cordless handset.
The INUSE indicator light will be on and you will hear a dial tone.
1. Dial the phone number.
2. To hang up the phone, press the TALK button again or place the handset on the base unit.
Using the corded handset
Set the TALK switch on the corded handset to ON.
The TALK indicator light will be on and you will hear a dial tone.
Dial the phone number.
To hang up the phone, set the TALK switch to OFF.
Answering Calls
Using the Cordless Handset
1. When the telephone rings, lift the cordless handset to answer the call.
• If the cordless handset is left off the base unit, press the TALK button to answer the call.
2. To hang up the phone, press the TALK button again or place the handset on the base unit.
Using the Corded Handset
1. When the telephone rings, set the TALK switch on the corded handset to ON to answer the call.
2. To hang up the phone, set the TALK switch to OFF.
REDIALING
You can redial the last dialed number using this function.
Set the TALK switch on the corded handset to ON or press the TALK button on the cordless handset to get
a dial tone, and then, press the REDIAL button to recall the last dialed number.
Memorizing Phone Numbers
This function works only with the cordless handset.
Press the MEMORY button on the cordless handset in the STANDBY mode you will hear a beep. Dial the
desired phone number. Press the desired DIRECT DIAL button (1 – 4). After memorization, a confirmation
beep will sound. Repeat the step 2 to 3 to complete programming.
Press the TALK button after finishing memorization.
To recall the memorized numbers
1. Press the TALK button on the cordless handset.
2. Press the desired DIRECT DIAL button on the cordless handset (1 – 4).
The memorized phone number will be dialed automatically.
• FLASH
Press the FLASH button on the handset to terminate the call and get a new dial tone.
• You can access special services such as CALL WAITING supplied by your telephone company or
company switchboard using this button.
• MUTE
Hold the MUTE button on the cordless handset down to mute your voice. The caller will not be able to
hear your voice.
• Release the MUTE button to resume the phone conversation.
• PAUSE
Press the PAUSE button on the cordless handset to generate a pause in the dialing sequence while memorizing
numbers in memory mode or an alternative long distance access code. This function is used mainly with
switchboard system.
• CALL
You can call the cordless handset using the base unit. Press the CALL button on the base unit.
Beeps will sound from the cordless handset.
Troubleshooting Guide
Refer to the following suggestions for the remedy.
Symptom Check Point
The telephone
does
not work
• The battery of the cordless handset is weak.
Charge the battery fully.
• The corded or cordless handset is turned off.
• The TONE / PULSE switch is inadequately
set.
• The cordless handset is too far from the
base unit.
• Check the telephone line or AC adaptor
connection.
• Set the Security Code of the cordless handset
Sound flutters
or fades
• The cordless handset is too far from the
base unit.
• Keep the unit away from electric appliances
(ex. TV, AUDIO).
• Extend the antenna of the base unit fully
Окончание табл.
Symptom Check Point
No dial tone
• Set the TALK switch on the corded handset
to ON.
• Press the TALK button on the cordless
handset.
• The TONE / PULSE switch is inadequately
set.
• Check the telephone line or AC adaptor
connection.
• The cordless handset is too far from the
base unit
The cordless
handset does
not ring
• The cordless handset is too far from the
base unit.
• Check the telephone line and AC adaptor
connection.
• The battery of the cordless handset is weak.
• Press the TALK button on the cordless
handset
The possible
calling
distance is
too short
• The battery is exhausted. Recharge it.
• The antenna of the base unit is not fully extended
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
FAX
The Panasonic KX-FHD351 not only operates as a plain-paper fax machine, copier, and telephone, but also
includes an all-digital answering system. This feature gives you 18-minutes of memory in one main mailbox
and two separate personal mailboxes-perfect for storing messages separately among those in your home or
small business. The unit uses standard paper and has a paper tray that holds 50 sheets. It also automatically
feeds documents of up to
10 sheets.
The KX-FHD351 also features a powerful digital duplex speakerphone, giving you the convenience of
fielding your phone calls hands free. It's designed to provide crisp, natural sound without dropouts or clipping.
It's especially useful for group or business situations, such as conference calls, when others in the room can easily
join the conversation.
The machine can be programmed to send a message to your pager when you receive a voice message. In
addition, caller ID data can be sent to your pager. If you answer an incoming fax call on a phone that operates
on the same line as your fax unit, Extension Line Transfer lets you simply press *9 to take the call from your
fax unit.
A feature called Quick Scan whisks your fax documents into memory, then sends them from memory to the
recipient. This saves time otherwise spent waiting for pages to go through individually. Broadcasting stores
documents in memory and faxes them in succession to multiple locations, avoiding the need for repeating the
task manually.
Caller-ID Compatibility with two-line LCD lets you see the name and number of all of your incoming callers
(of up to 16-characters) on the LCD readout. You can even print the list for your records. It's a great time-saving
feature for both business and personal use (this feature requires a subscription to a fee-based phone-company service).
Distinctive ring detection gives you up to three telephone numbers on a single line, each with a different
ring pattern. This way you can tell who the call is for, simply by the sound of the ring. If you subscribe to a Distinctive
Ring service, you can assign phone numbers for personal use, business use, fax use, and so on. (This
feature can only be used if you subscribe to a Distinctive Ring service from your telephone company.)
The telephone directory navigator makes searching through your phone directory easier than ever before.
Just use the navigator key to look through your directory list, and when the name you want appears, lift the
handset, and the number will dial automatically.
The unit's enhanced copier functions include: multiple copies (up to 50), enlarge (150 or 200 percent), reduce
(to 92, 86, or 72 percent), and collate.
L E S S O N 6
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY
Work. To lift a weight from the ground requires the expenditure of energy. In lifting the weight we have to
do work against the force of gravity. The amount of work done depends on the weight lifted and the height
through which it is raised, and so the unit by which work is measured is defined as the amount of work done
when a weight of
1 pound is lifted a vertical height of 1 foot. This unit is called the foot-pound and is written ft-lb. In the metric
system the unit of work may be chosen as the gram-centimeter or the kilogram-meter.
When a force acts to assist the motion of a body the force is said to do work on the body. When a force opposes
the motion of a body the phrase “work is done against the force” is used.
We denote work by W. Since it is the product of two scalar quantities, work is a scalar quantity.
Power. The time rate at which work is done is called power. Power, like work is a scalar quantity. It can be
expressed in any units of work and time, as foot-pound per minute, ergs per second, etc. The units commonly
used in engineering, however, equal to 550 foot-founds per second; the continental horsepower, equal to 75
kilogram-meters per second; the kilowatt, equal to 10 ergs per second. The symbol for power is P. From these
units of power are derived convenient units of work, namely: the horsepower-hour and kilowatt-hour; these are
respectively the amounts of work done in 1 hour by an agent working at the rate of 1 horsepower and 1 kilowatt.
Energy. When the state or condition of a body is such that it can do work, the body is said to possess energy.
Thu a body may have kinetic energy by virtue of its motion, potential energy by virtue of its temperature,
chemical energy by virtue of its chemical composition. The amount of energy of any kind that a body possesses
at a given moment is the amount of positive work the body can do in changing from the condition it is in at that
instant to some other condition taken as standard. Thus we may consider the kinetic energy of a rotating flywheel
to be the work the flywheel can do` in coming to rest relative to the earth, the potential energy of a
stretched spring to be the work the spring can do in contracting to its normal strength, and the thermal energy of
a ho body to be the work the hot body can do in cooling the temperature of its surroundings.
Energy is measured in the same units as work and like work is a scalar quantity. We denote energy by E.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Цель данной статьи – дать информацию читателю об энергии и мощности. Первая часть статьи име-
ет дело с энергией, вторая часть посвящена мощности. Энергия расходуется при поднятии чего-либо с
земли. При подъеме приходится затрачивать усилия против силы тяжести. Сила воздействует на движе-
ние тела. Мощность – это отрезок времени, за который была выполнена работа. Известны несколько
обозначений мощности, например, 1 лошадиная сила или 1 кВт. Если тело в состоянии выполнения
действия, то считается, что тело обладает энергией. Тело может обладать кинетической энергией. По-
тенциальная энергия базируется на температуре, а химический состав влияет на химическую энергию.
Энергия обозначается Е.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
TYPES OF ENERGY
Scientists divide energy
into seven main types. These
include heat energy, which
raises the temperature of matter,
electrical energy, which
converts into other energy
forms, including heat and
light, and chemical energy,
contained in fuels. All energy
that comes directly or indirectly
from the sun is known
as radiant energy and makes
up the electromagnetic spectrum.
Ученые подразделяют
энергию на семь основных
видов. Сюда входит тепло-
вая энергия, которая повы-
шает температуру вещества,
электрическая энергия, ко-
торая превращается в другие
формы, включая тепло и
свет и химическая энергия,
содержащаяся в топливах.
Вся энергия, поступающая
прямо или косвенно от
солнца, называется солнеч-
ной энергией и формирует
электромагнитный спектр.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
WHAT IS ENERGY ?
Everything happens because
of energy: without it,
there would be no life on
Earth. Scientists classify energy
into several different
(a) когда двигатель на-
чинает работать; (b) ученые
классифицируют энергию на
несколько разных типов;
(c) включая химическую
types, including chemical energy,
light energy, and nuclear
energy. Most types of energy
can switches from one form to
another. It is when energy
switches form that things happen,
or work is done. In a car,
for example, gasoline provides
chemical energy, which turns
into mechanical energy, heat
energy, electrical energy, and
sound energy when the engine
is started.
энергию; (d) энергию света и
ядерную энергию; (e) все
вокруг происходит, благо-
даря энергии; (f) и без нее не
было бы жизни на Земле; (g)
когда энергия меняет форму
или выполняется работа; (h)
в автомашине, например; (i)
бензин обеспечивает хими-
ческую энергию;
(j) которая превращается в
тепловую энергию; (k) элек-
трическую энергию и в зву-
ковую энергию; (l) это про-
исходит тогда; (m) многие
виды энергии могут перехо-
дить из одной формы в дру-
гую.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
REFRIGERATOR
The earliest method of refrigeration was the storage of food in caves and cool springs. Then people began
keeping food in their cellars, in their outdoor window boxes, in the snow, or underwater in nearby lakes,
streams, or wells. The invention of the icebox led to more efficient refrigeration. Ice was delivered to houses by
delivery men, and was used in wooden iceboxes that were lined in tin or zinc and insulated with sawdust or
seaweed. The use of ice for refrigeration continued until World War I, when mechanical refrigeration came on
the market. The first electric refrigerators with freezer compartments came on the market in the 1920s and
1930s. However, the mass production of refrigerators began after World War II, when researchers had been
able to successfully adapt large refrigeration systems for use in homes and shops. In the 1950s and 1960s, the
invention of automatic defrost and automatic icemakers further improved the efficiency of refrigerators. Refrigerators
also became available in a wide variety of size, color, and design.
Самым ранним методом охлаждения было хранение продовольствия в пещерах и прохладных вес-
нах. Тогда люди начали держать продовольствие в их подвалах, в их наружных коробках окна, в снегу,
или под водой в близлежащих озерах, потоках, или колодцах. Изобретение холодильника вело к более
эффективному охлаждению. Лед поставляли зданиям мужчинами поставки, и использовался в деревян-
ных холодильниках, которые были выровнены в олове или цинке и изолированы с опилками или мор-
ской водорослью. Использование льда для охлаждения продолжалось до Первой мировой войны, когда
механическое охлаждение прибыло в рынок. Первые электрические рефрижераторы с купе морозиль-
ника прибыли в рынок в 1920-ых и 1930-ых. Однако, массовое производство рефрижераторов началось
после Второй Мировой Войны, когда исследователи были способны успешно приспособить большие
системы охлаждения к использованию в домах и магазинах. В 1950-ых и 1960-ых, изобретение автома-
тических размораживает, и автоматический icemakers далее улучшил эффективность рефрижераторов.
Рефрижераторы также стали доступными в широком разнообразии размера, цвета и проекта.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
COFFE MAKER
Filling the water reservoir
Lift up the lid and fill the water reservoir with fresh, cold water to the required number of cups
Do not fill above the maximum level.
Preparing the machine
If using paper filters (1 × 4 size), we recommend you fold it along the seams to avoid the filter breaking.
Insert the filter paper in the filter holder.
Measuring the coffee
Add the necessary measure of filter coffee, use about 1 level tablespoon (one measuring spoon) per cup.
Depending on the type of filter coffee used, you may need to adjust the amount of coffee for your personal
taste. To avoid water overflowing, always leave a gap of about 2 cm between the coffee and the upper edge of
the filter.
Plug in and press the on/off switch
If you do not wish to serve the coffee immediately, leave the jug on the hotplate which remains hot until the
coffee-maker is switched off.
Descaling
It is important to descale your coffee-maker after each packet of filters or about once a month.
Pour 15 g of descaling powder and 5 cups of water. Place the jug and filter holder onto the hot plate.
Switch on and after 10 seconds, switch off. Let descaling product act during 20 minutes.
Switch on again. Operate 2 times with cold water only to rinse out before re-using.
MB White vinegar can be used. In this case, pour 1 cup of water and 1 cup of white vinegar.
Follow the same instructions as above. Let vinegar act during
30 minutes.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
TWIN COOLING SYSTEM
The Twin Cooling System controls the refrigerator and freezer independently with two separate
evaporators and precise electronic control. Until now, conventional refrigerators have used a single evaporator
to lower the temperature in both the refrigerator and freezer compartments. This presents the problem of cold
air traveling through the same duct to cool both the refrigerator and freezer. The ideal temperature is –18 °C for
the freezer and 3 °C for the refrigerator, creating a difference of 21 degrees. Because of this, having a single
evaporator is very inefficient. SAMSUNG refrigerators have two evaporators for each compartment and sense
which compartment needs cooling and cools only that compartment. This results in a more efficient refrigerator
with powerful performance! This is the secret of SAMSUNG's Twin Cooling System.
Benefits of the Twin Cooling System:
Maintaining Ideal Temperature and Speedy Cooling Performance
Since the freezer and refrigerator compartments have their own evaporators, the Twin Cooling System can
maintain ideal temperature for each compartment.
Efficient Use of Energy
Adequate amount of cool air is provided in each compartment, independent of the other. This enables the
refrigerator and the freezer to use power only when their respective compartments need cold air, resulting in
reduced energy consumption.
Quiet Operation
SAMSUNG Side by Side refrigerators succeeded in reducing the noise level by using a compressor designed
for low noise and variable motors.
Another Freezer in Refrigerator Compartment
The Twin Cooling System allows the CoolSelect Zone to maintain –5 °C (Soft Freeze mode) in the refrigerator
compartment. While food stored in the freezer is not easy to handle, the Soft Freeze mode sets the temperature
low enough for easy slicing and allows medium-term storage. This is only possible by the Twin Cooling
System.
No Mixing of Odors between Compartments
The Twin Cooling System automatically isolates odors. Since the compartments are cooled separately, the
cool air does not travel through the same duct to reach the freezer and the refrigerator compartments. Therefore,
there is no unpleasant mixing of odors.
Maintaining Optimum Humidity
With the Twin Cooling System, cool air in the refrigerator compartment does not travel to the freezer compartment
preventing food from drying out due to loss of humidity. Food in the refrigerator is preserved for
longer period of time.
Environmentally Friendly
All refrigerators from SAMSUNG's new factory are CFC Free and HCFC Free.
L E S S O N 7
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
WEIGHT AND MASS
Every body in the universe exerts a force of gravitational attraction on every other body. The earth attracts
the book and pencil lying on your desk; each of these attracts the other, the earth attracts the moon; the sun attracts
the earth and other planets of the solar system as well as the most distant stars; and each of these bodies
pulls back on each of the others which attract it, with an equal or opposite force. Here we are concerned only
with the force of gravitational attraction between the earth and other bodies on or near its surface. The force of
gravitational attraction which the earth exerts on a body is called the weight of a body.
The mass of a body, although it is not the same thing as the body’s weight, is directly proportional to the
weight. All bodies whatever their mass, fall with the same acceleration at the same point on the earth’s surface.
It follows the accelerating force or the weight of a body is directly proportional to its mass. Since weight and
mass are proportional, and since the weight of each mass unit is known, the weight of any body of known mass
can be found, and vice versa.
The term mass, as used in mechanics refers to that property of matter which in everyday language is described
by the word inertia, a Latin word, meaning laziness.
We know from experience that an object at rest will never start to move of itself – push or pull must be exerted
on it by some other body. In more technical language, an external force is required to accelerate the body,
and we say the force is needed because the body has inertia. We may therefore say: inertia is that property of
matter because of which a force must be exerted on a body in order to accelerate it.
On the other hand, it is well known that any object once started will keep moving straight ahead and at the
same speed. It will not stop of itself and an opposing force should be applied if it is necessary to bring it to a
standstill.
To assign a numerical value of inertia of any given body, we choose as a standard some one body whose
inertia is arbitrarily taken as unity, and state the inertia of all other bodies in terms of this standard. The inertia
of a body, when stated in this quantitative way, is called a mass. Mass is a quantitative measure of inertia.
The weight of a body is defined as the force of gravitational attraction exerted on the body by the earth.
This gravitational pull, however, is not merely one force exerted on the body as a whole. Each small element of
the body is attracted by the earth, and the force called the weight of the body is in reality the resultant of all
these small parallel forces.
The direction of the gravitational force on each element of a body is vertically down, so the direction of the
resultant is vertically down also, regardless of the orientation of the body. The line of action of the resultant
will, however, occupy a different position relative to the body as the orientation of the body is altered.
It is found that however a body may be oriented there is always a common point through which all of these
lines of action pass. This point is called the center of gravity of the body. The center of gravity of any two bodies
must lie on the line joining their centers of gravity.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Текст называется «Вес и масса». В статье речь идет о физических понятиях. Масса тела отличается
от веса тела. Вес тела прямо пропорционален его массе. Если вес и масса тела пропорциональны и из-
вестен вес единицы массы, то легко можно найти вес тела. Земля притягивает различные предметы.
Солнце притягивает Землю и другие планеты солнечной системы. Любое тело будет двигаться с той же
скоростью, с которой оно начинает падение. Сила притяжения, действующая на тело, снижается незави-
симо от его положения. Центр притяжения тела – это точка, через которую проходит линии действия
тела. Тело не начнет движение, если на него не будет направлено воздействие. Для того, чтобы тело на-
чало двигаться, необходим толчок.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
MASS AND WEIGHT
Your weight is the force
that you exert on the Earth. It
is a result of gravity acting on
your body. On the moon, your
weight would be much less
than it is on Earth, because of
the weaker pull of the moon's
gravity. Weight differs from
mass: your mass is constant
Ваш вес – это сила, кото-
рой вы воздействуете на Зем-
лю. Она является результатом
воздействия гравитации на
ваше тело. На Луне ваш вес
будет значительно меньше,
чем на Земле, из-за более сла-
бого притяжения Луны. Вес
отличается от массы: масса
whatever the force of gravity.
Scientists measure mass in
kilograms (kg). This indicates
the amount of matter in your
body. Scientists measure
weight in newtons (N), and 1
kg equals a force of 9.81 N.
вашего тела постоянна и не
зависит от силы притяжения.
Ученые измеряют массу в ки-
лограммах (кг). В них опреде-
ляется количество материи в
вашем теле. Ученые измеряют
вес в ньютонах (N), а 1 кг ра-
вен усилию в 9,81 N.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
TEMPERATURE
We determine how
hot or cold something is
by a measure called temperature.
This tells us how
much energy the atoms
(tiny particles) inside a
body contain. The more
energy the atoms contain,
the faster they move, and
the higher the temperature.
For each element (simple
type of substance), there
are specific temperatures
at which changes of state
occur. These are known as
melting and freezing
points. Scientists believe
that absolute zero is the
lowest possible temperature,
below which atoms
would have no energy.
(a) тем быстрее они движутся
и тем выше температура; (b) мы
определяем, насколько что-нибудь
горячее или холодное, называемой
температурой; (c) ниже которой
атомы не будут обладать никакой
энергией;
(d) что абсолютный нуль – это са-
мая низкая температура; (e) она
говорит нам; (f) чем больше энер-
гии содержат атомы; (g) сколько
энергии содержат атомы (мель-
чайшие частицы) внутри вещест-
ва; (h) с помощью величины;
(i) существуют свои специфичные
температуры; (j) при которых из-
меняется состояние вещества; (k)
они известны как точка плавления
и точка замерзания; (l) ученые по-
лагают;
(m) для каждого химического эле-
мента (простейшего типа мате-
рии).
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
A FEW WORDS ABOUT LENGTH,
MASS, TIME
The study of physics enables us to give the at to some of the many fascinating questions which concern the
behaviour of machines, of electricity and of magnet ; and of vibrations of light, heat and sound. Many simple
observations in physics may be made by naked eye, by or by ear. A blacksmith judges the temperature of hot
iron by the colour of the glowing metal, knowing here is a relation between brightness of glow and degree of
hotness; a railway mechanic tests for flaws in the metal of carriage wheels by the sound of his miner blows; the
photographer often judges lighting ions by eye. Our senses alone, however, are often not sufficiently trustworthy
for our purposes. So we use measuring instruments in order to make our observations precise and less affected
by errors of the senses. People may differ in their estimate of what is warm and what is tepid; a thermometer
gives a more reliable value of the temperature. A great deal of attention has been to the designing of
scales of measurement, e. g. scales of length and of volume, and scales of weight, of temperature and of time.
There is generally a scale of centimeters, subdivided into millimeters. This scale is obtained from another
standard of length, the international standard metre, which is also defined as the distance between two marks on
a standard metal bar at a definite temperature. The |prefix centi means a hundredth, so a centimeter is a hundredth
of a metre; the prefix milly means a thousandth, so that a millimetre is a thousandth of a thousandth of a
metre and is equal to a tenth of a centimetre. In similar fashion kilo means a thousand, so that a kilometre is a
thousand metres.
Изучение физики позволяет нам дать в некоторым из многих очаровательных вопросов, которые
касаются поведения машин (механизмов), электричества и магнита; и колебаний света, нагрейтесь и
звук. Много простых наблюдений в физике могут быть сделаны голым глазом, или ухом. Кузнец судит
температуру горячего железа цветом пылающего металла, зная, что вот – отношение между яркостью
жара и степени (градуса) горячих; железнодорожный механик проверяет на недостатки в металле колес
вагона звуком его ударов шахтера; фотограф часто судит ионы освещения глазом. Наши чувст-
ва (смыслы), одни, однако, часто не достаточно заслуживающие доверия для наших целей. Так что мы
используем измерительные приборы, чтобы делать наши наблюдения точными и менее затронутыми
ошибками чувств (смыслов). Люди могут отличаться по их оценке (смете) того, что является теплым и
что является прохладным; термометр дает более надежную ценность температуры. Большое внимание
было к проектированию масштабов измерения, e. г. масштабы длины и объема (издания), и масштабов
веса, температуры и времени.
Есть вообще масштаб сантиметров, подразделенных на миллиметры. Этот масштаб получен от дру-
гого стандарта длины, международного стандартного метра, который также определен как расстояние
между двумя марками на стандартном металлическом бруске(баре) в определенной температуре. |prefix
centi одна сотая средств, так сантиметр – одна сотая метра; приставка Милли означает одну тысячую,
так, чтобы миллиметр был одна тысячая одной тысячой метра и равна одной десятой сантиметра. По-
добным способом килограмм означает тысячу, так, чтобы километр был тысяча метров.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER
Congratulations on purchasing your new VCR (Video Cassette Recorder). It is one of the most sophisticated
yet simple-to-use home video recorders you can buy. It will give you many hours of enjoyment, whether
you use it for playing back prerecorded cassettes of your favourite films, or for recording TV programmes
which you would otherwise have missed. Alternatively, you may find it an invaluable business aid.
You can't wait to get it working, but before you do. spare a few moments to read this brief introduction to
the world of video recording. It may repay you handsomely in terms of improved results, or avoidance of costly
mistakes.
Positioning
Do not place the VCR directly on top of. or underneath, your
TV set. Ensure that there is at least 20 cm between the VCR and the TV set, and that air can circulate freely
through the ventilation openings of the VCR.
What is a video recorder ?
Simply, it is a machine which stores pictures and sound on magnetic tape. This VCR uses VHS cassettes, and
since VHS is the most popular video system in the world, there are plenty to choose from. Suffice it to say that a
cassette from another kind of VCR cannot be used on this VCR. Ensure that you only buy VHS cassettes of the
best quality to get the best results from this VCR. The VCR is a television receiver in its own right. When you
record a TV programme, it is being received by the video recorder, not by your TV set. This means that you can
record one TV programme on the VCR while you watch another which is being received by the TV set.
Description of Controls
Front Panel
VCR Indicator Panel
1. Cassette Compartment
2. Wireless Remote Sensor
3. STOP/EJECT Button – Press to stop the tape. Press again after the tape has stopped to eject the cassette.
4. POWER Button – Press to turn the VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) on and off.
To set the VCR for unattended recordings after timer settings have been completed.
5. FF (Fast Forward)/SEARCH Button – Press to move the tape forward rapidly. Also, during playback,
press this button for rapid forward visual search.
6. PLAY Button – Press to play back a tape.
7. REW(ind)/SEARCH Button -Press to rewind tapes. Also, during playback, press this button for rapid
reverse visual search.
8. CHANNEL UP/DOWN Buttons – Press to scan up or down through the VCR's channels.
9. O(ne) T(ouch) R(ecording) Button – Select the channel and then press this button to start recording for
30 minutes periods.
10. REC(ord) Button – Press to start recording.
11. PLAY Indicator – Indicates the playback mode.
12. REC(ord) Indicator – Indicates the recording mode.
13. OTR Indicator – Indicates that the One Touch Recording (OTR) feature is in use.
14. Digital Indicator – Indicates the clock, tape counter, and start and stop time for timer recording.
15. Daily/Weekly Indicators – Indicates the Daily or Weekly timer recording is set.
16. TIMER Indicator – Indicates the VCR is set for unattended recording.
17. Memory Indicator – Indicates the counter memory function is set.
18. Cassette-In Indicator – Confirms there is a cassette in the unit.
Rear Panel
19. AC (Alternating Current) Power Connector – Connect the small end of the supplied AC power Cord to
this terminal, and then connect the large end of the AC Power Cord to a household outlet.
20. RF Converter Frequency Adjustment Screw – Set to channel which is not used for regular TV broadcasting
in your area.
21. RF OUT Jack – Connect to the aerial terminal of a TV receiver through the aerial cable.
22. AUDIO IN Jack – For audio input connection from the output connector of a portable video camera, another
VCR, or another audio source.
23. VIDEO IN Jack – For video input connection from another VCR or a portable video camera.
24. VIDEO OUT Jack – For video output connection to a monitor TV or another VCR.
25. AUDIO OUT Jack – For connection to an audio input connector on a monitor TV, another VCR, or an
audio tape recorder.
26. ANT(enna) IN Jack – Connect an aerial to this terminal.
27. TEST Signal Switch – Set to ON when turning your TV receiver for the video channel. A test signal in
the form of two vertical white bars will be available.
28. System Select Switch – Set the System select switch to the appropriate position according to your TV
system.
Remote Control Transmitter
29. Digit Buttons – Press to select a desired channel.
30. POWER Button – Press to turn VCR power ON or OFF.
31. CHANNEL/TRACKING UP/DOWN Buttons – Press "A" or "v" to scan up or down through the VCR's
channels. Release at desired channel. In the Play and Slow modes, when playing a tape, press TRACKING "A"
or "v" button to adjust the tracking.
32. Single/Double Entry Button – Press to select one digit or two digits for channel selection.
33. CH(annel)/PR(ogram) Button – Press to set the preselector in the Channel set mode.
34. GO-TO Button – Press to search for desired point on linear tape counter. Press this button and select
desired counter number with the Digit buttons.
35. REW(ind)/SEARCH Button – Press to rewind the tape at high speed. You can also press this button in
the Play mode for rapid reverse visual search.
36. PLAY Button – Press to play back a tape. – Press to release the slow, or search mode and return to
playback.
37. FF (Fast Forward)/SEARCH Button – Press to move the tape forward at high speed. You can also press
this button in the Play mode for rapid forward visual search.
38. SLOW Buttons – Press the SLOW button during playback to view a slow-motion picture.
39. STOP Button Press to stop the tape.
40. PAUSE/STILL Button – Press once to temporarily stop the tape during recording (Pause).
41. REC(ord) Button Press to start recording.
42. O(ne) T(ouch) R(ecording) Button – Select the channel and then press this button to start recording for
30 minutes periods.
43. TIMER Button – Press to engage the Timer set mode.
44. CLEAR Button – Press to cancel the programmed data in the Timer set mode.
45. COUNTER/CH(annel) MEMO(ry) Button – Press to engage the Counter Memory mode.
46. CH(annel) SEARCH Button Press to engage the Channel set mode.
47. CLOCK Button – Press to engage the Clock set mode.
48. DISPLAY Button – Press to switch the display among the counter, clock, date and channel mode.
Before Requesting Service
There may be times when you suspect that your VCR is not functioning correctly. Before calling for service,
please check the following list. You may find that an apparent malfunction can be easily rectified.
-Symptom- - Correction -
No power... Check that the Power plug is completely
connected both to the VCR and to an
AC (Alternating Current) outlet
TV program can't
be recorded...
Please complete "Placing Local Channels
in the VCR" and "Setting the
Clock" before attempting to set up a
"Timer Recording".
Check the connections between the
VCR, the external antenna, and your
TV.
Make sure that the record tab on the
back of the cassette is still intact
Окончание табл.
-Symptom- - Correction -
Timer recording
can't be performed...
Set the recording start/stop time correctly.
Make sure that the POWER button
is set to "OFF". Timer recording
may not be performed or continued if a
power interruption of more than 3 minutes
occurs before or during Timer Recording,
even if power resumes thereafter
There is no playback
picture, or the
playback picture is
Select the same channel on your TV as
that of the VCR Channel.
Check that VCR channel of the TV is
noisy or contains
streaks...
properly adjusted.
Adjust the Tracking control in either
direction
During special effects
playback, the
picture may contain
some vertical jitter
when using a TV
which has an Automatic
Vertical Hold
Control....
Set the TV's Vertical Hold Control, if
available, to "MANUAL" and adjust
If the top of your
playback picture
waves back and
forth excessively...
Because the VCR playback signal is not
as stable as an off-the-air TV signal, the
top of your TV screen may be bent or unstable
during playback. To solve this
problem, slowly turn the HORIZONTAL
HOLD control on your TV to correct the
wavy picture. If your TV does not have
the horizontal hold control or adjusting
the control does not help, please contact
your local TV service center
IVCR can't be remote
controlled...
Insert the cassette with the window side
up and the record tab facing you.
Check that the power plug is completely
connected to an AC outlet.
Check the cassette to be sure that the
record tab on the back of the cassette is
still intact
Video cassette can't
be inserted...
Insert the cassette with the window side
up and the record tab facing you.
VIDEO cassette can't be removed...
VII. Translate the following specification into Russi.
DVD HOME THEATER SYSTEM
High Output Power
Accurate reproduction of Dolby Digitalsurround sound and
DVD-Audio recordings requires a multi-channel amplifier with high output capability.
Built-In DVD-Audio/Video Player
Many of our home theater systems include a DVD player as part of the package. Compatible with both
DVD movies and the advanced, high-resolution audio format DVD-Audio, our included DVD players simplify
installation and make it easy for you to get a DVD player that blends perfectly with your audio system
Built-In VCR
Select models feature a combination receiver/DVD player/VCR, all in the same unit. Keep your VHS tapes
while adding DVDs to your home video collection.
Progressive Scan DVD Playback
The key to the sharpest picture quality DVD-Video has to offer, progressive scanning creates a picture signal
with double the scan lines of a conventional interlaced picture, 480i (the "i" stands for "interlaced"), to create
a noticeably sharper image. The 480p ("progressive") image helps eliminate motion artifacts, so even on
large screens, the progressive-scan lines are less noticeable and picture flickering is greatly reduced. Requires a
TV capable of accepting 480p signals and with component video inputs. For a more in-depth explanation of the
benefits of progressive scanning, please visit our Built-In DTS® and Dolby Digital® Decoders Achieve a remarkably
natural sense of ambience and dynamic realism, a spacious surround effect, and realistic, accurate
sound for your home theater. Select models feature the latest decoders for Dolby Digital EX, DTS-ES, and DTS
96/24 formats.
Magnetically Shielded Speakers
Speakers contain large magnets that can interfere with your TV's picture if placed too close to the screen.
Magnetic shielding lets you put your speakers close to your TV without affecting the image – essential for
home theater use.
HighMAT (High-Performance Media Access Technology)
Co-developed by Panasonic and Microsoft, HighMAT was designed to significantly improve interoperability
for digital media content between PCs and popular electronics devices such as CD players, car stereos and
DVD players. HighMAT is a digital-media standard that provides a dramatically improved method of storing,
arranging and playing back personal digital photo, music and video collections on recordable discs such as CDRW
media. At this time, our HighMAT-compatible Panasonic products have HighMAT Level 2 functionality
which includes compatibility only with audio files and JPEG still image files.
5 DVD/CD Changer
Load 5 DVDs or CDs at once for extended viewing or listening.
Component Video Output
Component video connections offer outstanding image quality – better than S-video or composite video
connections. Use this method to connect our home theater systems to a compatible TV for a clear, vibrant image.
Double Re-Master Processing
When music and soundtracks are recorded digitally, the compression that occurs can impact the overall
sound quality, especially with MP3 and WMA files. Re-master processing helps to compensate for any frequencies
lost due to compression during recording, providing a rich sound field.
L E S S O N 8
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Unit is a quantity or dimension adopted as a standard measurement. Much of physics deals with measurements
of physical quantities such as length, time, velocity, mass, density, temperature and energy. Many of
these quantities are interrelated. For example, velocity is a length divided by volume. Density is mass divided
by volume/ Volume is a length times a second length, times a third length. Most of the physical quantities are
related to length, time and mass, therefore all the systems of physical units are derived from these three fundamental
units.
Practically there are thee main systems of measurement in use today: the British system of units, the metric
system of units and the quite recently adopted SI Units (System of International Units). With a few exceptions
nearly all the nations of the world use the metric system. The value of the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system
is that its various units possess simple and logical relationships among themselves, while the British system
(the fps – foot-pound-second) is a very complicated one. For example, in the British system 1 mile is equal to
1.760 yards; 1 yard is equal to 3 feet, and 1 foot is equal to 12 inches. In the English system converting one unit
into another is hard and monotonous job, while in the MKS system conversions of one unit to another can be
carried out by shifts of a decimal point (coma in Russian writing).
The standard meter of the world was originally defined in terms of the distance from the north pole of the
equator. This distance is close to 10,000 kilometers or 10 (ten to the seventh power) meters. By international
agreement the standard meter of the world is the distance between two scratches made on a platinum-alloy bar.
It is kept at the International Bureau of Weight and Measures in France.
The square meter is an MKS unit of area while the cubic meter is an MKS unit used to measure volume.
In fact, the SI Units is an internationally agreed coherent system of units derived from the MKS system. It
is replacing all the other systems. The seven units in it are: the meter (m), kilogram (kg), Kelvin (K), mole
(mol), and candle (cd).
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Статья называется «Единицы измерения». Согласно автору, метрическая система единиц, британ-
ская система единиц и Система международных единиц составляют главные системы измерения. В ми-
ре используется метрическая система. Как указывается в тексте, длина, время, скорость, масса, плот-
ность, температура – это физические величины. Многие из данных величин взаимосвязаны. Длина, вре-
мя и масса – это основные единицы измерения. В соответствии с международным соглашением стан-
дартный метр – это расстояние между двумя насечками на бруске платинового сплава. Квадратный метр
– это величина системы международных единиц. Что касается кубического метра, то он переназначен
для измерения объема. В заключение подчеркивается, то Система международных единиц считается
общепринятой во всем мире. В данную систему входит семь единиц.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
WHAT IS RELATIVITY ?
When you travel on Earth, you have an idea of your speed because of the reference points around you, such
as houses and trees. But suppose you were in spaceship traveling in deepest space. You would have nothing to
relate your motion to and no way of knowing how fast you were traveling. "Speed" would be a meaningless
term. The great physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955) used mathematical calculations to prove that motion is
always relative to something else.
При передвижении по земле у нас складывается понятие о скорости из-за наличия предметов, кото-
рые по сравнению с нами не двигаются, таких как дома или деревья. Но __________представьте себе, что находи-
тесь в космическом корабле, летящем в бесконечном космосе. Тогда у вас нет ничего, с чем можно со-
отнести ваше движение, и нет никакого способа, чтобы определить, с какой скоростью вы летите. Тер-
мин "скорость" теряет всякий смысл. Великий физик Альберт Эйнштейн (1897–1955), пользуясь мате-
матическими расчетами, доказал, что движение всегда происходит относительно чего-нибудь другого.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electricity and magnetism combine to form one of the fundamental forces of the universe – electromagnetism.
The two constantly interact, and the relationship between them is one of the most important in physics. For
example, an electric current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field; and if the lines of force around a
magnet are cut by a passing object, an electric current will be produced. These, and other such phenomena,
form the basis of much of today's technology.
(a) и эти взаимоотношения являются одними из важнейших в физике. (b) Электричество и магне-
тизм в сочетании (c) составляют основу современной технологии. (d) возникает электрический ток
(e)Это и другие подобные ему явления (f) возбуждает вокруг него магнитное поле; (g) создают одну из
фундаментальных сил Вселенной – электромагнетизм. (h) Они постоянно взаимодействуют друг с дру-
гом, (i) а если силовые линии магнитного поля пересекает какое-либо тело. (j) Например, проходящий
по проводнику электрический ток.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
TEMPERATURE
We can tell by our sense of touch when our body is warmer than another, but our senses are not always reliable.
If you step out of a warm bath and place one foot on a cork mat and the other on a sheet of metal, you
will be certain that the metal is much cooler than the cork, but of course you will be quite wrong. The cork and
metal must be at the same temperature, since they have been in the same room for a long time. What then is the
explanation?
Later we shall see that a metal, like the above sheet, a good conductor of heat and takes heat readily from
your warm foot leaving it cold. On the other hand, cork a very bad conductor for heat and hardly any heat
passes from the foot placed on the cork mat, leaving the foot warm. Again if you come into a room, after walking
on a cold night, the room seems quite warm, but to a person who has been sitting in the room for a time it
may seem cold.
Мы можем сказать нашим осязанием, когда наше тело (орган) более тепло, чем другой, но наши
чувства (смыслы) не всегда надежен. Если Вы ступаете из теплой ванны и размещаете один фут в ци-
новку пробки и другой на листе металла, Вы убедитесь, что металл намного более прохладен чем проб-
ка, но конечно Вы будете весьма неправы. Пробка и металл должны быть в той же самой температуре,
так как (с тех пор как) они были в той же самой комнате (месте) в течение долгого времени. Что тогда
является объяснением?
Позже мы будем видеть, что металл, подобно вышеупомянутому листу, хороший проводник высо-
кой температуры и берет высокую температуру с готовностью от вашей теплой ноги, оставляющей это
холод. С другой стороны, пробка очень плохой проводник для высокой температуры и едва любая вы-
сокая температура проходит от ноги, помещенной в циновку пробки, оставляя теплую ногу. Снова, если
Вы входите в комнату (место), после ходьбы холодной ночью, комната (место) кажется весьма теплой,
но человеку, который сидел в комнате (месте), какое-то время это может казаться холодным.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
HANDY STITCHER
The cordless sewing machine
Note: Always use rotary wheel to move the needle. Never press or pull directly on needle arm to avoid
damages to internal mechanism.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE:
Note: Operate the machine for 10 seconds, and then pause for 5 seconds. It can then be used again regularly.
1. Make sure machine is in the locked position. Raise the needle arm to the highest position by turning the
rotary wheel. Note: The rotary wheel can be turned in either direction.
2. Lift up the fastening plate making sure not to push down on the needle arm (the arm can still be moved
manually even when the machine is in the locked position). Place cloth underneath the fastening plate.
3. Pull at least 2 inches of thread through the needle, from back to front, prior to starting to sew.
4. Hold the Handy Stitcher with right hand and operate power switch with thumb, other fingers supporting
the bottom.
5. Unlock machine (see diagram on reverse side under "To Replace Batteries”). Press the power switch
with your right thumb. The machine will feed cloth to the left in proper tension automatically use left hand to
hold the cloth and control the direction (do not rush machine). When wider stitches are required, pull cloth to
the left a little faster while you continue sewing. Follow the centerline on cloth fastening plate to ensure straight
stitching
6. To Finish Seam – When finished sewing, raise the needle arm to the highest position by turning the rotary
wheel. Then use the back of a seam ripper or scissors to pull the thread out about 3 inches then cut it.
7. Turn the rotary wheel, lowering the needle into the cloth & continue to turn the rotary wheel until the
needle arm is again at its highest position.
8. Lift up the fastening plate and take off the cloth to the left making sure not to pull the thread or the
seam will unravel.
9. Turn to back side of the cloth and guide the reserved
3 inches of thread according to the following figures to make the knot:
(1) First pass threader through the last stitch.
(2) Put the thread into threader.
(3) Pull out about 1 inch.
(4) Guide the thread through the loop and pull it tight to finish the knot.
How to Thread Handy Stitcher
Note: Thread should flow from the top right of bobbin or spool. Spring must be in place before installing
bobbin.
1. Thread the handy stitcher.
2. Pass thread through the eyelet on needle arm .
3. Pass thread over top of tension control. Do not wrap completely around tension control.
4. Use threader to pass the thread through needle eye from back to front.
Adjusting Thread Tension
1. If stitching is too tight, turn tension control slightly to the left.
2. If stitching is too loose, turn tension control slightly to the right.
To Install a Normal Thread Spool
1. Loosen the bobbin nut and take off bobbin.
2. Slide thread spool onto extension spindle.
3. Connect the extension spindle on bobbin shaft.
To Replace Needle
Loosen the set screw with a screwdriver and take off the old needle.
Always use a #14 style DHx1 sewing needle.
Needle must be installed with flat side of needle shank facing the front of handy stitcher.
Note: Make sure machine is in the locked position prior to battery replacement.
Caution: Needle is sharp. Use care when working with needle to avoid injury. Keep away from children.
When not in use, machine should always be kept in the locked position.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
EURO PRO DELUXE DENIM AND
SILK SEWING MACHINE
Stitch up a storm even on delicate fabrics with the Euro Pro Deluxe Denim and Silk Sewing Machine. This
rugged, no-nonsense unit offers a huge amount of flexibility plus some handy, intuitive features. Its solid metal
and plastic construction allows you to sew through heavy fabrics. It features 48 stitch functions, including decorative,
utility, heirloom, stretch, double overlock and embroidery stitches. You can vary the stitch length and
width to suit your fabric, or create wide variety of decorative stitch combinations. The independent, adjustable
stitch width and stitch length control gives you unlimited creative possibilities. The convenient free arm provides
easy sewing of tubular pieces, children's clothes, tight areas and easy access to all your attachments.
Other details include:
• Automatic, 1-step buttonhole
• Drop feed – for easy embroidery
• Balance – for buttonhole adjustment
• Numerous needle positions from center to left
• Extra wide zigzag adjustment
• 11 creative feet including zipper, button sewing, buttonhole, satin stitch, overlock, roll hemming, blind
hemming, cording, darning, embroidery, quilting and gathering foot
• Built-in buttonhole stitching
• Thread cutter on the face plate
• Built-in deluxe needle threader
• Drop-in bobbin
• On/off switch and adjustable foot pressure controller
• Built-in folding carry handle
• Built-in accessory compartment an all purpose foot, seam ripper/brush, snap-on zigzag foot, oiler, quilting
guide, pack of needles, 3 bobbins, L-screwdriver, extra spool pin and twin needle
• White plastic casing over metal machine construction
• Hard shell white plastic case
• Measures approximately 15"W × 12"H × 7"D
• Manufacturer's model #6130A
• Comes with a 25 year, limited manufacturer's warranty
For warranty information, please call 1.800.933.2887.
About Euro-Pro Sewing…
Stitch up everything from buttonholes to ball gowns with the latest technology from Euro-Pro sewing. These
high-quality machines include special features such as twin needles and a double over-lock stitch. Stitches stay
straight no matter the fabric weight, from chiffon to denim. Solid metal gears provide years of performance compared
to machines made from plastics and other materials that wear quickly. Standard features such as multi-stitch
functions and drop-in bobbins make each machine a tremendous value and a trusted helper.
L E S S O N 9
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Materials science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the
needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy,
scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion,
bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return
their original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials may also have permanent deformation
or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.
Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shearing,
or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal
bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.
Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding weight. Under tension, a material usually
stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material’s elastic limit. Under larger
tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the material
ruptures.
Density (specific weight is the amount of mass in a unit volume. It is measured in kilograms per cubic metre.
The density of water is
1000 kg/m3 but most materials have a higher density and sink in water. Aluminum alloys, with typical densities
around 2800 kg/m3 are considered less dense than steels, which have typical densities around 7800 kg/m3. Density
is important in any application where the material must not be heavy.
Strength is the force per unit area (stress) that a material can support without failing. The units are the
same as those of stiffness. MN/m2, but in this case the deformation is irreversible. The yield strength is the
stress at which a material first deforms plastically. For a metal the yield strength may be less than the fracture
strength, which is the stress at which it breaks. Many materials have a higher strength in compression than a
tension.
Toughness is the resistance of a material to breaking when there is a crack in it. For a material of given
toughness, the stress at which it will fail is inversely proportional to the square root of the size of the largest defect
present. Toughness is different from the strength: the toughness steels, for example, are different from ones
with highest tensile strength. Brittle materials have low toughness: glass can be broken along a chosen line by
first scratching it with a diamond. Composites can be designed to have considerably greater toughness than
their constituent materials. The example of a very tough composite is fiberglass that is very flexible and strong.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Текст называется «Механические свойства материалов». Автор утверждает, что материалы облада-
ют такими механическими свойствами как сжатие, напряжение, плотность, сила и жесткость. Ученые
пытаются найти новые способы использования металлов, пластмассы и других материалов. Специали-
сты используют различные лабораторные методы, а также знание металлургии, физики и химии. Необ-
ходимо учитывать поведение различных материалов при воздействии на них внешними силами. Одни
материалы могут деформироваться, другие ломаться, третьи – остаются неизменными. Согласно автору,
сжатие происходит в результате давления, после чего материал уменьшается в объеме. При небольшом
натяжении материал обычно растягивается. Если увеличить силу натяжения, материал может разо-
рваться. Сила и жесткость – два важных физических свойства материалов. Например, стекловолокон-
ные материалы очень гибкие и обладают высокой степенью жесткости.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
TRANSFORMATION
A transformation is a change in the position, size, or shape of a geometric figure (such as a triangle). The
main transformations are reflection, enlargement, translation, and rotation. Other forms of transformations include
stretching and shearing. Reflection, translation, and rotation change the position of the figure. They do
not alter the lengths of the sides or the area of the figure and so are called isometrics Stretching increases the
size of the figure along one axis. Shearing is similar to stretching but the area of the figure remains the same.
Enlargement increases the size of the whole figure.
Преобразование – это изменение положения, размера или формы геометрической фигуры (такой
как треугольник). Основными видами преобразований являются отражение, увеличение, перенос и вра-
щение. Другими формами преобразований являются растяжение и перекос. Отражение, перенос и вра-
щение изменяют положение фигуры. Они не меняют ни длин сторон, ни площади фигуры, и поэтому
называются изометриями. Растяжение увеличивает размер фигуры вдоль одной оси. Перекос похож на
растяжение, однако площадь фигуры остается той же. Увеличение приводит к росту размеров всей фи-
гуры.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
CHANGE OF STATE
Many substances can exist
in more than one state -as a
solid, liquid, or gas. Which
slate they are in depends on
their temperature and pressure.
At certain temperatures,
under normal atmospheric
pressure, some substances
change state. Liquids, for example,
may become solids or
gases, and gases may condense
into liquids. Elements
change state, under normal
pressure, at specific temperatures,
known as melting (or
freezing) and boiling (or condensation)
points.
(a) при определенной
температуре и нормальном
атмосферном давлении; (b)
некоторые вещества меняют
свое состояние; (c) химиче-
ские элементы переходят в
другое состояние при нор-
мальном давлении при осо-
бых значениях температу-
ры; (d) точка таяния (или
замерзания) и точка кипения
(или конденсации); (e) в
твердом, жидком или газо-
образном; (f) то, в каком со-
стоянии находится вещест-
во;
(g) зависит от его темпера-
туры и давления; (h) жидко-
сти, например, могут пре-
вращаться в твердые веще-
ства или газы;
(i) а газы могут конденсиро-
ваться и превращаться в
жидкости; (j) многие веще-
ства могут пребывать более
чем в одном состоянии.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
CLOTHES WASHER
In the good old days, clothes were washed in a stream, by
I-Minding the garments with rocks, stones and heavy sticks.
Forget about soap – water was the sole cleansing agent. Fire added heat to the laundry mix, when clothes
were washed in tubs with water heated over open fires and soap made at home from a combination of lye and
ashes. Clothes scrubbed on a corrugated board, wrung by hand, rinsed, then wrung again, and draped on lines or
bushes to dry. Women's hands were freed by 1927, when wringer washers became standard, eliminating the
washboard, open tubs and
the boiler. A few "pumps" with the foot started the motor of the machine and kept it humming. The first
automatic washer – one that washed, rinsed and extracted water from clothes
in one process – debuted at a country fair in Louisiana, in September, 1937. After Word War II, the demand
for washers was enormous. Today, washers offer a variety of features including a selection of cycles for
washing different types of garments and water temperature and level options.
В хорошие старые дни, одежда была вымыта в потоке,
I-возражением предметы одежды с камнями, камнями, и тяжело придерживается.
Забудьте о мыле – вода была единственным агентом чистки. Огонь (пожар) добавленная высокая
температура к черновому соединению, когда одежда была вымыта в бадьях с водой, горячей по откры-
тым огням(пожарам) и мылу, сделанному дома от комбинации щелка и пепла. Одежда, вычищаемая на
рифленом правлении, скручиваемом вручную, ополоснутый, затем скручиваемый снова, и драпирован-
ный на линиях или кустарниках, чтобы сохнуть. Женские руки были освобождены к 1927, когда wringer
мойщикы стали стандартными, устраняя стиральную доску, открытые бадьи и
котел. Несколько "насосов" ногой начали двигатель машины (механизма) и держали это жужжани-
ем. Первый автоматический мойщик – тот, который вымылся, ополоснутый и извлек воду из одежды в
одном процессе – debuted на ярмарке страны в Штате Луизиана, в сентябре 1937. После Войны Слова II,
требование (спрос) на мойщики было огромно. Сегодня, мойщики предлагают разнообразие особенно-
стей, включая выбор циклов для того, чтобы мыть различные типы предметов одежды и водной темпе-
ратуры и вариантов уровня.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
WASHING MACHINE
Energy saving hints
− Try to wash complete laundry loads: this saves unnecessary consumption of water and energy.
− Select the right programme for your laundry: this will obviously depend on the type of fabric and how
soiled your laundry is; we recommend the use of programmes without prewash which will save you time, water
and energy. The prewash cycle should in fact be used only for heavily soiled, cotton fabrics.
− Set the right temperature: use temperatures above 60 C only for very stubborn dirt but remember that
modern detergents are very efficient even at low temperatures.
− Use the correct quantities of detergent: do not use too much detergent; remember that not only will this
make rinsing more difficult but also pollutes the environment.
− Use the economy buttons: when washing small laundry loads use the Economy button if available on
your washer and reduce the detergent quantity.
− Your washer features automatic consumption control, this means that you can wash laundry loads from
1 – 5 kg with considerable savings. Your washer will use just the right amount of water and electricity. All you
need to do is dose the detergent.
− Fabric softeners: always use a softener; not only do these perfume and soften your laundry, they also
make it easy to iron, saving you time.
General maintenance
After every wash
Leave the door open and wipe the door gasket dry after each wash so that damp or odours do not form.
Remove the plug. Before cleaning or servicing always remove the plug from the socket. This is for safety reasons.
No solvents or abrasive substance
You do not need solvents or abrasive substances to clean the outside of the washer and the rubber parts.
Just use a cloth, warm water and soap
Detergent dispenser drawer
This can be removed and cleaned. Just pull it towards you, and leave it under running water for a few minutes.
When moving house
When you move, all you need to do is secure the inside of the machine with the transit screws (supplied
with the packaging of the machine) so that it will not be damaged.
Cleaning and special servicing
Hose
Check the hose once a year. It should be replaced if any signs of splitting or damage can be seen. The machine
is under a lot of strain while operating and this may cause a cracked hose to split open suddenly.
Inspecting the drain pump
Your washer has a self-cleaning pump and therefore requires no cleaning or maintenance. Remember however
that small items such as buttons or coins may accidentally fall into the pump. To remove these items, the
pump conies equipped with an "prechamber" which is accessible from the front of the pump. To gain access to
this prechamber simply remove the panel located on the bottom part of the washer, place it on the ground near
the machine and remove the lid by turning it in the counter clockwise direction Carefully inspect the inside of
the pump.
Trouble shooting
If the machine does not seem to be working properly before calling the service engineer there are a number
of things you can check. Perhaps you have forgotten to push in a button or you are not using the machine properly.
Sympton Correction
Machine won't start Make sure the appliance is plugged to
the mains socket; you have electricity in
your home, the door is firmly shut, the
ON/OFF button D is on I, the
programming cycle knob, in washer
which have one, is on O, the
programme is properly set and the
mains water tap is open
Machine won't fill Make sure the water tap is open and
connected correctly to the hose, the
water mains has not been cut off and
that water pressure is sufficient; also
check the hose for kinks
Окончание табл.
Sympton Correction
Lots of vibration
during the spin
Make sure the internal oscillating unit
was released correctly at the time of installation;
the washer is leveled correctly
or too tightly fitted between furniture
units and the wall
Your washer is
leaking
Make sure the ring nut of the supply
pipe is firmly tightened; the detergent
dispenser is not plugged and the
drainage pipe is firmly fixed
Excessive formation
of suds
Make sure the type of detergent you have
used – is it suitable for an automatic
washer – have you used too much
detergent?
Water is pumping
in and out all the
time
Make sure there are no kinks in the
drain pipe and that it is at least at a
height of 60-100 cm; the pipe mouth is
not below water level and that the wall
drain has no air outlet If the problems
continue even after you have checked
these points, shut the water tap and turn
off your washer
Problems with
pumping out water
or spinning
Make sure the programme selected has
a draining cycle; the non creasing
"hydrop-stop" button, on washer which
have one, has not been pressed
accidentally, the drainage pump is not
jammed; the drain pipe is bent; the
drainage piping is plugged any drainage
pipe extensions are properly connected
and do not prevent water flow
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
ABC'S OF WASHING MACHINES
A Little History
The next time you complain about washing and folding your clothes, be grateful for the simplicity that
modern technology has afforded you. If you feel that doing laundry is an unpleasant, arduous task, imagine
what it was like to wash clothing prior to the advent of the washing machine. To say that hand washing one's
laundry took hours of heavy labor is quite an understatement.
Centuries ago, clothing had to be washed, boiled and rinsed by hand, with each load using approximately
50 gallons (or 400 pounds) of water. The water itself had to be transported from a well or pump to one's sink or
stove in heavy, cumbersome wash boilers and buckets. Women had to lift, wring and rub water-laden linens and
clothing, which, in turn, exposed them to hazardous substances and tired their wrist and arm muscles.
Drying the laundry – transporting baskets full of sopping wet dresses, pants and tablecloths to hang in the
afternoon sunlight – and ironing clothes through the use of heat from a kitchen stove, were other unfavorable
tasks, but for now, we will just address the actual act of washing clothing.
Given the tedious process described above, it comes as no surprise that inventors set out to create the first
"washing machines," which were patented in America in 1846. The earliest manual machines used a lever to
rub clothing between two surfaces, mimicking the motion of one's hand running up and down a washboard.
Then in 1900 came the first electric washing machines, which relied upon motorized tub rotation.
Modern Day Miracle
Jump to the present, and you are certain to be impressed by the technological advances of this unassuming
household appliance we have come to take for granted. Today, washing machines come in all shapes and sizes.
They are available in several color schemes and offer a wide array of dynamic features that our ancestors
couldn't even fathom. If you are in the market for a new washer, there are several factors you should consider
before making your decision. Remember that today's better washing machines are an investment that can last
10+ years.
Frequent Washers
Almost all washers do a fairly good job cleaning your clothes. If you are washing 1 load per week, any machine
will suffice. But if you do 3 or more loads per week, every week, year after year, investing in a good machine
can make a significant difference in the effort expended as well as the energy required. Some very small
washers use as much as 1200 kwh (kilowatt hours) per year, while the most efficient front-loading models use
only 300 kwh per year. And those same machines use much less water, so you can feel good about not only
your water bill, but also your environmental conservation efforts.
Categories
Today's modern washing machines can be divided into three categories, based upon varying levels of
automation:
• Fully Automatic – These washers are in complete control. They rely upon sensors to automatically detect
specific fabric types and configure water levels, wash time and the amount of detergent necessary to complete
your wash.
• Semi Automatic – These energy-efficient washers use "load sensors" to decide upon the amount of water
and detergent necessary to complete the wash based on your wash load.
• Conventional or Manual – These washers provide you with ultimate control. You must decide upon
the wash cycle, water level and appropriate amount of detergent to complete the wash.
Loading System
The next criteria you must take into consideration is the machine's Loading System:
• Top-Loading – "Top-Loading" refers to washing machines that open from the top. These washing machines
rely upon either a "pulsator" or an "agitator" wash, both of which spin your clothing back and forth
throughout the detergent-filled water until it is clean. The basket then spins at a very high speed to remove excess
water and detergent, and the process is repeated to ensure that any remaining detergent is removed. The
machine then spin-dries the clothing until it is ready to line dry or enter a clothes dryer. Top-Loading machines
are simple to load and very convenient as the wash cycle will resume if you interrupt it to add or remove clothing.
• Front-Loading – "Front-Loading" refers to washing machines with an opening in the front rather than
the top. Clothes are "tumble" washed in Front-Loading Machines, meaning they are cleaned as they tumble in
and out of the detergent-filled water and are then spun to remove excess water and detergent. Then they are
rinsed and spun dry once more. Front-Loading washers use far less energy, water and detergent than their Top-
Loading counterparts. Additionally, dryers can be stacked on top of them to conserve space.
High Efficiency
Purchasing a high efficiency front-loading washer will positively effect both the environment and your
checkbook. The most energy efficient machines utilize as little at 300 kwh per year, whereas less efficient toploading
models can easily use over 900 kwh annually. Although front-loading washers cost more to purchase,
they tend to pay for themselves after just a few years of use. Due to minimal power and water usage, a high efficiency
model not only saves you money, but also is more sensitive to the environment because it uses less water
and less detergent.
Front-loading machines spin clothes dry at a very high rpm, (revolutions per minute) thereby extracting more
water from your clothes than top-loading machines. With less water imbedded in your clothing, your dryer doesn't
have to work as hard, thus providing additional energy savings.
Space
When choosing your new washer, be sure to keep in mind any space constraints you may have. Almost all
washers have the same dimensions – approximately 43" high by 27" wide by 26" deep. But if space is an issue,
there are several models that are more compact, measuring only 24" wide to fit in small laundry rooms or even
closets. Also, most front-loading machines can be stacked for further space conservation.
Load Capacity
Load Capacity is another important factor you will need to consider when purchasing a washing machine.
Three basic tub sizes are available (small, medium and large) and different washing machines accommodate
different sized loads of laundry. Considerations such as family size, clothing type, quantity of clothing and
amount of space must be taken into account. Front-loading machines have the largest capacity due to the absence
of bulky agitators.
Wash Tubs
Better machines feature wash tubs that are made of scratch-proof porcelain, while the best washers have
rust-proof stainless steel tubs. A chipped or rusty wash tub can damage your clothing, so it is important to
check your wash tub periodically for damage if you do not want to invest in a model with a corrosion-proof
stainless steel tub.
Sound Dampening
If you are looking to replace an older machine, perhaps you have grown all too familiar with the fierce
rumbling that echoes throughout your home when the wash cycle is running. Good news! Many newer model
washing machines feature sound dampening features for a noiseless laundry experience. If quiet operation is of
priority to you, be sure to double check that the machine of your choice comes equipped with some amount of
sound dampening.
Cycles
Basic wash cycles tend to remain consistent through most makes and models of washing machines. They
traditionally include Strong/ Heavy, Normal, Gentle/ Delicate, Speedy and Soak. Some of the more expensive
models offer additional specialty cycles, which can even handle delicate fabrics that you may have previously
taken to the dry cleaners.
L E S S O N 10
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
ENGINES
Do you know what the first engine was like? It was called the “water wheel”. This was an ordinary wheel
with blades fixed to it, and the current of a river turned it. These first engines were used for irrigating fields.
Then a wind-powered engine was invented. This was a wheel, but a very small one. Long wide blades were
attached to it. The new engine was driven by the wind. Some of these one can still see in the country.
Both of these, the water- and wind-operated engines are very economical. They do not need fuel in order to
function. But they are dependant on the weather.
Many years passed and people invented a new engine, one operated by steam. In a steam engine, there is a
furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler
and then it boils, it turns into steam which does some useful work.
The more coal is put in the furnace, the stringer the fire is burning. The more steam there is the faster a
train or a bout is moving.
The steam engine drove all sorts of machines, for example, steam ships and steam locomotives. Indeed, the
very first aeroplane built by A.F. Mozhaisky also had a steam engine. However, the steam engine had its disadvantages,
It was too large and heavy, and need too much fuel.
The imperfection of the steam engine led to the design of a new type. It was called the internal combustion
engine, because its fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace. It is smaller and lighter
than a steam engine because it does not have a boiler. It is also more powerful, as uses better-quality fuel: petrol
or kerosene.
The internal combustion engine is now used in cars, diesel locomotives and motor ships. But to enable airplane
to fly faster than the speed of sound another, more powerful engine was needed. Eventually, one was invented
and it was given the name “Jet engine”. The gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees.
It is made of a very resistant metal so that it will not melt.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Название текста – «Двигатели». Автор начинает с описания первого двигателя, который был похож
на обычное колесо с прикрепленными к нему лопастями и использовался для орошения полей. Течение
реки приводило это так называемое «водное колесо» в движение. Позже был изобретен ветряной двига-
тель, который работал с помощью ветра. Далее автор описывает изобретение парового двигателя, рабо-
тающего с помощью печи и котла. Вода, нагретая в котле, закипает и, превращаясь в пар, приводит в
движение двигатель. Паровой двигатель достаточно просто использовать, но он потребляет слишком
много топлива. Различные виды паровых машин, такие как суда и локомотивы работают с помощью
этого двигателя. На смену паровому двигателю пришел двигатель внутреннего сгорания. Современный
двигатель используется в автомобилях, дизельных локомотивах и теплоходах. Текст заканчивается ин-
формацией о реактивном двигателе.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
MAGNETS
Magnets are attracted
to iron and to any material
that contains iron. Magnets
have two poles, a north pole
and a south pole. Unmagnetized
iron and steel have
magnetic regions of atoms
called domains that are
jumbled up and point in lots
of different directions.
When iron or steel becomes
magnetized, the domains
become aligned and they all
point in the same direction.
Магнит притягивается к
железу и к любому другому
материалу, содержащему же-
лезо.
У магнита есть два полюса,
северный полюс и южный по-
люс. Ненамагниченное железо
и сталь обладают магнитными
группами атомов, называемы-
ми доменами, которые реаги-
руют и указывают во множест-
во разных направлений. Когда
железо или сталь намагничи-
ваются__________, магнитные домены
One end of each domain
points toward the
magnetic north pole.
выравниваются и все указыва-
ют в одно и то же направление.
Один конец такого домена ука-
зывает на северный полюс
магнита.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
PRESSURE
You put pressure on
something when you apply
a force to it. The amount of
pressure depends on two
things: the size of the
force, and, more importantly,
the size of the area
on which it is applied. The
smaller the area, the
greater the pressure. This
principle explains why thin
stiletto heels sink into
wooden floors and damage
them. It also explain why a
camel's large, flat feet prevent
it from sinking into
the sand in the desert.
(a) почему крупные плоские
копыта верблюда не провалива-
ются в песок в пустыне; (b) когда
к предмету прилагается сила; (c)
этой закономерностью объясня-
ется; (d) от величины силы и, что
более важно; (e) от площади того
места, к которому оно прилага-
ется; (f) чем меньше площадь; (g)
тем больше давление; (h) почему
каблуки-шпильки впиваются в
деревянный пол и портят его; (i)
это значит, что на предмет осу-
ществляется давление; (j) вели-
чина давления зависит от двух
параметров; (k) этим также объ-
ясняется.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
THE PRESSURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
By pressure we mean the force or weight acting on it area. From many years of observations and experiments
scientists have formulated a theory about e structure of gases; the theory is known as the Kinetic Theory
of Gases. The theory draws a picture of gas as being made up of a large number of very small particles, which
arc called molecules. The actual volume of the molecules is very small compared with the volume of the gas.
They are moving at high speeds in all directions in straight lines, and collide both with each other and with the
walls of the containing vessel. Since the molecules are perfectly elastic no energy is lost in these collisions. The
continual bombardment of the walls of the containing vessel creates the pressure which the gas exerts on these
walls. The pressure will depend upon he number of impacts on unit area per second. If the volume of the vessel
increases, the number of impacts on unit area per second increases and so the pressure decreases. Conversely
the pressure will increase as the number of impacts increases if the volume of the vessel decreases.
Давлением мы подразумеваем силу или вес, действующий на это область. Со многих лет наблюде-
ний и ученых экспериментов сформулировали теорию о структуре e газов; теория известна как Кинети-
ческая Теория Газов. Теория тянет (рисует) картину газа, как составляемого большого количества очень
маленьких частиц, которые образовывают дугу вызванные (названные) молекулы. Фактический объем
(издание) молекул является очень маленьким по сравнению с объемом (изданием) газа. Они двигаются в
высокие скорости во всех руководствах (направлениях) на прямых линиях, и сталкиваются и друг с дру-
гом и со стенами содержащего судна. Так как молекулы являются совершенно упругими, никакая энер-
гия не потеряна в этих столкновениях. Непрерывная бомбардировка стен содержащего судна создает
давление, которое газ проявляет на этих стенах. Давление будет зависеть от него число (номер) воздей-
ствий на область единицы в секунду. Если объем (издание) увеличений судна, число (номер) воздейст-
вий на область единицы в секунду увеличивается и так уменьшения давления. Наоборот давление уве-
личится как число (номер) увеличений __________воздействий, если объем (издание) судна уменьшается.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
STEAM IRON
Far safety purpose you should read these instructions carefully before using the iron.
DO’S
1. Check the mains voltage gated on the back of iron.
2. Unwind and straighten the power cord before use.
3. Switch on the iron by turning the Temperature Dial n clockwise direction, pilot light glows.
4. Turn the Temperature Dial to the mid point of 1 dot, 2 dots,
3 dots or Max setting.
5. Switch off the iron by turning the Temperature Dial in anti-clockwise direction when it is not in use,
even for a short period of time, turn the temperature Dial to “Min’.
6. Disconnect the iron from mains supply outlet when filling water.
7. Remove the water remained in the water tank.
8. Use the self-cleaning function at least once a month.
DO NOT’S
1. Do not allow children touch the iron or the power cord when ironing.
2. Do not leave the iron unattended when it 'is connected to a mains supply outlet.
3. Do not use an extensive power cord set unless competent authority has approved it.
4. Do not immerse the iron in water or other chemical liquids into the water tank, they can damage the
iron seriously.
5. Do not use the iron when it is damaged or it works improperly.
6. Do not roll the power cord around the iron for storage until it has cooled down completely.
Dry ironing
1. Connect the iron to a suitable mains supply outlet.
2. Turn the Temperature Dial in clockwise direction according to the recommendation of garment label.
3. Pilot light glows indicating the iron is switched on.
4. When the required temperature is reached pilot light goes off.
5. The iron is ready for use.
6. Turn Temperature Dial in anti-clockwise direction to 'Min’, the iron is switched off.
7. Disconnect the iron from mains supply outlet.
8. When the iron gets cool completely, store it in a safe place.
Steam ironing
1. Fill the iron.
2. Connect the iron to a suitable mains supply outlet.
3. Turn the Temperature Dial in clockwise direction to (3 dots) setting (Don not use dot or 2 dots setting
for steam ironing).
4. Pilot light glows indicating the iron is switched on.
5. Pilot light goes off when the required temperature is reached.
6. The iron is ready for use.
7. Turn the Steam Control knob in clockwise direction for more steam, in anti-clockwise for less steam.
8. Turn Temperature Dial in anti-clockwise direction to ‘Min’, the iron is switched off.
9. Disconnect the iron from mains supply outlet.
10. When the iron gets cool completely, store it in a safe place.
Burst of Steam
This function provides extra amount of steam to remove stubborn wrinkles.
1. Fill the iron
2. Turn the Temperature Dial to ‘Max’ setting
3. Pilot light glows indicating the iron is switched on.
4. Pilot light goes off when the required temperature is reached.
5. The iron is ready for use
6. Press the Burst of Steam button once
7. Steam will penetrate into the garment removing the wrinkles
8. Wait a few seconds before pressing the Burst of steam button again when there are stubborn wrinkles.
Usually all winkles can be removed with three presses
Burst of Steam in Vertical Position
This function provides extra amount of steam to remove winkles on defecate garments in hanging position,
hanging curtains, or other hanging fabrics.
1. Fill the iron.
2. Turn the Temperature Dial to 'Max' setting.
3. Pilot light glows indicating the iron is switch on.
4. Pilot light goes off when the required temperature is reached.
5. The iron is now ready for use.
6. Hold the iron between 20 and 40 centimeters away from the garment.
7. Press the Burst of Steam button once.
8. Steam will penetrate into the garment removing the winkles.
9. Wait a few seconds before pressing the Burst of Steam button again.
10. Do not press the Burst of Steam button more than three times successively when pilot light glows.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
IRON
• Professional Power.
• Quickly remove wrinkles like an expert with this 1800-watt professional-grade tool designed for home
use.
• Twice as powerful as a conventional iron, the DG-980 Expert Steam Generator can be used vertically
or horizontally, with variable steam levels that enhance everything from silk to denim.
• The durable, oversized Laser soleplate applies more heat and steam to and through the fabric for unparalleled,
professional-quality results. Extremely scratch resistant and specially coated for supreme glidability, the
ultra smooth, non-stick soleplate ensures highly precise steam distribution Р even in hard to reach ironing areas.
• Whether tackling large jobs or a single item, the DG-980 heats up quickly and can be refilled at any
time. Professional results are achieved in less than half the time of traditional ironing methods.
• Vertical Steam : Lifts wrinkles from hanging garments and freshens garments between wearings.
• Variable Steam : Lets you regulate the amount of steam, enabling effortless ironing of everything from
silks to jeans.
• Steam on Demand : Continuous power on demand, ensuring that heavy-duty fabrics look their best.
Soft ergonomic handle for comfortable grip.
• Convenient steam trigger for steam on demand.
• Easy-to-read thermostat with accurate temperate control.
• Extra-long cords with integrated cord storage.
• Ergonomic iron rest with heat resistant non-slip pads.
• Compact, easy-to-store base.
• Stainless steel boiler rinses clean.
• Dimensions = 13.5" High × 8" Wide × 8.5" Deep.
L E S S O N 11
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
AUTOMATIC MACHINE TOOLS
Automatic machine tools are not new, but they have increased in numbers and types at a great rate since the
end of World War II. At the same time a new word, automation became a new technical term. Automation has
many interpretations, but briefly it means taking most of the handwork and skill away from the machine operator
and often eliminating him altogether by utilizing hopper feeds and automatic measuring devices.
All operations in machining a workpiece on a metal-cutting machine tool are classified as either processing
or handling operations. Processing operations are those in which the actual cutting process or chip removal
takes place. The rest are handling operations. They include loading and clamping the work, advancing withdrawing
the cutting tools, releasing and unloading the work, checking the size of the workpiece, etc.
Machine tools designs with mechanisms that perform the majority of the required handling operations
without the direct participation of the operator are called automatic machine tools.
Highly automatic machine tools are ordinarily classified as automatics and semi-automatics.
Automatics, as their name implies, are machine tools which machine workpieses automatically. They have
a fully automatic working cycle repeated to produce duplicate parts without participation of the operator. All of
the working and handling operations are performed in a definite sequence by the control system adopted in the
automatic, which must be set up to suit the given job.
Semi-automatics are machine tools in which the actual machining operations are performed automatically
in the same manner as on automatics. In this case, however, the operator loads the blank into the machine, starts
the machine, checks the work size, and removes the completed piece by hand. The machining cycle is automatic,
but direct participation of the operator is required to start each subsequent cycle, i. e. to machine each
subsequent workpiece.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Данный текст посвящен описанию автоматических инструментов. Термин «автоматизация» появил-
ся в техническом мире недавно. Данный термин имеет несколько значений. Самое распространенное
значение данного понятия – это замена ручного труда на производстве машинным. Автор говорит о том,
что станки снабжены механизмами, которые выполняют необходимые операции без участия оператора.
Такие станки называются станками-автоматами. Станки могут быть полностью автоматизированы. Неко-
торые станки являются полуавтоматами. Станки – автоматы имеют полностью автоматический рабочий
цикл. Вся работа выполняется в строгой последовательности и контролируется системой управления.
Текст заканчивается информацией о полуавтоматах.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
RESONANCE
All objects vibrate with a
particular frequency, or regularity.
The swinging of a pendulum
is an obvious move-
Все объекты вибрируют
со свойственной им часто-
той или регулярностью. Ка-
чание маятника – процесс
ment, but the particles that
make up any object vibrate
too. Resonance results when
the vibrations of an object are
matched with similar vibrations.
That is why soldiers
never march in time over a
bridge. The vibration of their
marching could match and increase
the bridge's vibrations,
causing it to break up and collapse.
видимый, однако частицы,
составляющие любой объ-
ект, тоже вибрируют. Резо-
нанс является результатом
совпадения вибрации одного
объекта с подобными ей
вибрациями. Вот почему
солдаты никогда не идут в
ногу по мосту. Вибрации от
их движения в ногу могут
совпасть с вибрацией моста
и увеличить ее настолько,
что она станет причиной его
разрушения.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
GASES
Gases, like other forms
of matter, are made up of
atoms that form groups
called molecules. Gas
molecules move very
freely, spinning around at
high speeds and filling up
large spaces. As they move,
the energetic gas molecules
collide with one another
and with the walls of their
containers. Vapour can also
be classified as a gas, although
it behaves slightly
differently.
(a) описывая круги на вы-
сокой скорости и заполняя
большие пространства; (b) мо-
лекулы газа весьма свободно
перемещаются; (c) заряженные
энергией молекулы газа стал-
киваются друг с другом и со
стенками сосудов;
(d) состоят из атомов; (e) соз-
дают так называемые молеку-
лы; (f) по мере своего движе-
ния; (g) которые, группируясь;
(h) в которых они содержатся;
(i) пар тоже можно причислить
к газам; (j) газы, точно так же
как и другие формы материи;
(k) хотя он и ведет себя немно-
го иначе.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
THE MAGNETIC LOUDSPEAKER
You have seen that the moving diaphragms of the earphones set the air next to them in motion and thus
produce the sound you hear. If this sound were loud enough, you could lay the phones on the table and would
not need to bother wearing them on your head.
If you were to make one of the diaphragms larger it would move a greater quantity of air and thus produce
a louder sound. For practical reasons a diaphragm cannot be made very large, and so another scheme was developed.
One end of a stiff wire is fastened to the centre of the diaphragm. This wire now moves in and out in
step with the diaphragm. To the other end of the wire a large paper cone is fastened. The fluctuating diaphragm
moves the wire; the wire in turn moves the paper cone. This in turn sets a large amount of air in motion, creating
a loud sound. By this means we are able to do away with earphones. The device is called the magnetic loudspeaker.
Вы видели, что двигающиеся диафрагмы наушников устанавливают воздух рядом с ними в движе-
нии и таким образом производят звук, Вы слышите. Если бы этот звук был достаточно громок, Вы мог-
ли бы класть телефоны на столе (таблице) и не были бы должны беспокоить ношение их на вашей голо-
ве.
Если бы Вы должны были делать одну из диафрагм большей, это переместило бы большее количе-
ство воздуха и таким образом произвело бы более громкий звук. По практическим причинам диафрагма
не может быть сделана очень большой, и так что другая схема была развита. Один конец жесткого про-
вода закреплен к центру диафрагмы. Этот провод теперь перемещается в и в шаг с диафрагмой. К дру-
гому концу провода большой бумажный конус закреплен. Колеблющаяся диафрагма перемещает про-
вод; провод в свою очередь перемещает бумажный конус. Это в свою очередь устанавливает большое
количество воздуха в движении, создавая громкий звук. Этим означает, что мы способны покончить с
наушниками. Устройство называют магнитным громкоговорителем.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
KETTLE
• Before connecting the kettle, check if the voltage indicated on the appliance (underside of kettle and
base unit) corresponds with the mains voltage in your home. If this is not the case, contact your dealer and do
not use the kettle.
• Use the kettle only with the supplied base unit. Do not use the base unit for other purposes.
• If the mains cord of this appliance is damaged, it must be replaced by the special cord. Apply to your
Philips dealer or the Philips organisation in your country.
• Connect the base unit to an earthed wall socket only.
• The kettle is protected against damage due to operation with insufficient water by means of a safety
cut-out. This cuts off the power when the heating element gets too hot.
− If the kettle ever is operated with too little or no water, first remove the mains plug from the wall
socket. Leave to cool down for 15 minutes before re-filling with cold water. The safety cut-out will automatically
reset.
• Place the appliance on a stable flat surface. Ensure that the base unit and the kettle cannot fall into water
and that no water can be splashed onto the base unit.
• Never immerse the kettle or the base unit in water. Do not allow water to penetrate the electrical parts
inside the kettle or the base unit.
• Prevent children from pulling the mains cord or knocking the kettle over.
• The kettle may be cleaned with a damp cloth. First remove the kettle from the base unit. The base unit
can be cleaned in the same manner. First remove the mains plug from the wall socket.
If the kettle is tipped too far backwards, water may be spilt through the rear cover. If this happens the kettle
will still be electrically safe. Extra care must be taken if the kettle contains hot or boiling water.
• Do not place the kettle on a hot surface.
• Pour away the very first water boiled with this kettle. The appliance is then ready for use.
Cord storage
− The length of the free mains cord from the base can be adjusted.
For added safety, only the minimum length of cord should be visible between the base unit and the wall
socket.
The mains cord length can be reduced by pushing the excess cord back into the base unit. Do not pull heavily
on the cord to prevent damage.
− Underneath the base unit there are two alternative mains cord exit points. Select the point that will be
closest to the wall socket. Press the cord firmly into the slot.
How to use the kettle
Filling
− remove the kettle from the base unit before filling
− you can fill the kettle via the spout or…
− after opening the lid do not forget to close the lid after filling, otherwise the kettle will not automatically
switch off after use.
Do not fill with less that 35 litre of water (up to “MIN” INDICATION) TO PREVENT THE KETTLE Running dry
while operating. Do not fill with more than 1.7 litres of water (up to “ MAX” indication). Avoid overfilling| to
prevent boiling water being ejected from around the top of the kettle.
Switching on
− Place the kettle on the base unit, which is connected to a wall socket. (You can keep the base unit
connected.)
− The appliance is switched on by setting the on/off switch into the "up" position. The pilot light will
come on.
Switching off
− When the water has boiled the appliance switches off automatically.
− At any time you can switch the kettle off manually by setting the on/off switch into the "down" position.
Switching on again
− If switched off automatically, first allow the built-in thermal safety switch 15-20 seconds to cool down.
Then you may switch on again.
During the cooling down time do not force the on/off switch into the "up" ("ON") position as this can
damage the operating mechanism.
Cleaning
• Do not immerse in water.
• The kettle may be cleaned with a damp cloth. First remove the kettle from the base unit. The base unit
can be cleaned in the same manner. First remove the mains plug from the wall socket.
• Soap or detergent can be used to remove troublesome stains. Do not use aggressive and abrasive cleaning
agents.
Filterline scale fitter
To prevent loose particles of limescale being poured out into your beverage, your kettle is fitted with a
scale filter. The filter is removable to enable cleaning and replacement.
Limescale deposits
Limescale is a harmless deposit which is naturally formed when (more or less) hard water is heated. It can
be found mostly adhered to the heating element.
The amount of limescale deposited (and subsequently the need to clean or descale) largely depends on the
water hardness in your area and the frequency with which the kettle is used. Limescale is not harmful to your
health. But if poured into your beverage it can give a powdery taste to your drink.
The scale filter is designed to prevent these scale particles from being poured but by trapping them within
the kettle.
Cleaning the scale filter
To avoid an excessive amount of limescale building up inside your kettle, it is important that both the kettle
and filter are cleaned on a regular basis.
Scale can be removed from the filter by
− running it under a tap, whilst gently brushing with a soft nylon brush;
− or by soaking the filter in vinegar or a proprietary descaling agent.
• Before removing the filter (for replacement or cleaning):
− Ensure that the kettle is unplugged from the mains.
− Do not attempt to remove the filter when hot or when the kettle contains hot water.
• Never leave the filter loose inside the kettle. Ensure that the filter is always correctly placed between
the two ribs.
− Slide the filter downwards until it clicks into position.
In the course of time, a build-up of limescale may occur on the filter gauze, reducing the filling (via the
spout) and pouring performance of the kettle. Limescale adhered to the heating element will reduce the heating
capacity. Therefore, the kettle with the filter in place, should be descaled periodically as indicated in section
"Descaling".
Replacement filters
Replacement filters can be obtained under type nr. HD 4961 from your Philips dealer. Scale filters can also
be applied with kettles type HD 4390 if provided with locating ribs.
Descaling
Descale the kettle regularly. With normal use: at least twice a year.
− Boil 700 ml of water in the kettle.
− Switch off and unplug from the electrical supply.
− Add 300 ml of ordinary vinegar to the water in the kettle.
− Leave the solution to stand in the kettle overnight.
− Empty out the solution into e.g. a jug. Rinse the inside of the kettle with clean water.
− Fill the kettle with clean water up to the "MAX" level.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
RICE COOKER
Cool Touch Body and Carrying Handle
Makes the rice cooker easier to carry right after cooking, so you can serve your rice as soon as it's ready.
Clear Steaming Basket
Lets you cook rice and steam vegetables or other foods at the same time. Also, the basket is clear, so you
can monitor the cooking process.
Non-Stick Coated Inner Pan
Wipes clean with minimal effort, allowing for quick and easy cleanup. The cord tucks away inside the
body of the rice cooker to avoid messy tangles.
Different Rice Capacities
Different capacities let you find a rice cooker that suits your individual or family needs, from 3-cup to 10-
cup models. Cup capacity is measured in dry, uncooked rice.
Keep Warm Function
Helps keep rice warm and moist after cooking.
L E S S O N 12
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
AUTOMATED PRODUCTION LINES
An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move
parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are set up for long production
runs, making large number of product units and running for several years between changeovers. Each station
is designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the part or product is constructed stepwise as
it progresses along the line. A raw work part enters at one end of the line, proceeds through each workstation
and appears at the other end as a completed product. In the normal operation of the line, there is a work part being
processed at each station, so that many parts are being processed simultaneously and a finished part is produced
with each cycle of the line. The various operations, part transfers, and other activities taking place on an
automated transfer line must all be sequenced and coordinated properly for the line to operate efficiently.
Modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers, which are special computers that can
perform timing and sequencing functions required to operate such equipment. Automated production lines are utilized
in many industries, mostly automobile, where they are used for processes such as machining and press working.
Machining is a manufacturing process in which metal is removed by a cutting or shaping tool, so that the
remaining work part is the desired shape. Machinery and motor components are usually made by this process.
In many cases, multiple operations are required to completely shape the part. If the part is mass-produced, an
automated transfer line is often the most economical method of production. Many separate operations are divided
among the workstations.
Press working operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheet metal. Examples of such parts
include automobile body panels, outer shells of laundry machines and metal furniture. More than one processing
step is often required to complete a complicated part. Several presses are connected together in sequence by
handling mechanisms that transfer the partially completed parts from one press to the next, thus creating an
automated press working line.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Текст посвящен функционированию поточных линий. Согласно автору, автоматизированные по-
точные линии используются во многих отраслях промышленности. Автоматизированные поточные ли-
нии предназначены для производства большого количества изделий. Каждая линия исполняет опреде-
ленную операцию. Для более эффективного производства предусмотрены скоординированные действия
на линии. На линиях выполняется механическая обработка изделий. Следующий этап – придание необ-
ходимой формы. Массовое производство считается самым экономичным методом производства. Прес-
сование изделий происходит на специализированных линиях. В работу вовлечены несколько прессов,
которые работают поэтапно, передавая изделие от одного пресса к другому.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
WHAT IS SOUND ?
Sound travels in waves, but it is not part of the electromagnetic spectrum like light waves and radio waves.
Sound is produced when matter vibrates. The frequency of these vibrations is measured in units called hertz
(Hz). The term frequency refers to the number т of waves produced per second It is variations in frequency that
produce different pitches (high and low sounds). The limits of human hearing are 20 000 Hz.
Звук передается волнами, но он не является частью электромагнитного спектра подобно световым
волнам или радиоволнам Звук производится в том случае, когда материя вибрирует. Частота таких виб-
раций измеряется в единицах, называемых герцами (Hz). Термином "частота" называют количество
производимых волн в секунду. Именно изменениями частоты достигаются разные тональности звуков
(высокие и низкие звуки). Человеческий слух различает звуки and 20.000 Hz. частотой в пределах от 20
Hz до 20 Hz.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
WAVES
(a) in order to pass energy
on; (b) by causing the matter
to vibrate; (c) transverse
(crosswise) waves cause the
tiny particles; (d) to the directions
of the wave; (e) some
waves transport energy
through matter; (f) longitudinal
(lengthwise) waves cause
the particles to "ripple"; (g)
electromagnetic waves; (h)
that make up matter to vibrate
at right angles; (i) such as Xrays;
(j) do not need to vibrate
matter; (k) there are two types
of such waves;
(l) in the same direction as the
waves.
Некоторые волны, при-
нуждая материю вибриро-
вать, проводят через нее
энергию. Существует два
вида таких волн. Попереч-
ные (пересекающие) волны
приводят составляющие ма-
терию мельчайшие частицы
к вибрации под прямым уг-
лом к направлению движе-
ния волн. Продольные вол-
ны приводят частицы к "зы-
би" в направлении движения
волн. Электромагнитные
волны, такие как Х-лучи,
проводят энергию сквозь
материю, не вызывая ее виб-
рации.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
ELECTRIC BULB
Electric current is a flow of free electrons through a wire. Electric wire is made of copper and electrons
easily pass through it.
But if they come to a different metal whose conductivity is not so good as that of copper, they bump
against the atoms of the metal. The friction arising from the bumping makes the metal very hot.
This happens in electric stoves and irons where the wire is made of nichrome. The nichrome becomes very
hot when electricity flows through it. The metal covering protecting the nichrome from dirt becomes hot too
and cooks the food or warms the room.
In an electric bulb, a very fine filament of wire made of tungsten is used. As the current flows, the electrons
bump into the tungsten atoms, and become hot. The hotter they become, the quicker they move and bump, and
become hotter still, until the wire begins to glow. The glow is the result of the electrons bumping about and
causing little sparks, which we see as light. The electrons do not burn up or melt the wire, although it is very
thin, because there is no oxygen in the bulb, so things cannot burn in it.
Электрический сосуд (луковица)
Электрический ток – поток свободных электронов через провод. Электрический провод сделан из
меди, и электроны легко проходят через это.
Но если они прибывают в различный металл, проводимость которого не столь хороша как это меди,
они наталкиваются против атомов металла. Трение, являющееся результатом столкновения делает ме-
талл очень горячим.
Это случается в электрических печах и утюгах, где провод сделан из nichrome. nichrome становится
очень горячим, когда электричество течет через это. Покрытие металла, защищая nichrome от грязи ста-
новится горячим также и готовит продовольствие или warms комната (место).
В электрическом сосуде (луковице), очень прекрасная нить провода, сделанного из вольфрама ис-
пользуется. Как текущие потоки, электроны врезаются в вольфрамовые атомы, и становятся горячими.
Чем более горячий они становятся, тем более быстрый они двигаются и наталкиваются, и становятся бо-
лее горячими все еще, пока провод не начинает пылать. Жар – результат электронов, наталкивающихся об
и причиняющих небольшие искры, которые мы видим как свет. Электроны не горят или тают провод, хо-
тя это очень тонко, потому что нет никакого кислорода в сосуде (луковице), так что вещи не могут гореть
в этом.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
RANGE HOODS
These instructions are designed to tell you of the various technical details of your cooker hood and to make
you familiar with its use. Since these instructions cover more than one type of hood within the same series, it
may be that reference is made to components that do not form part of the hood that you are installing. Fittings
can vary from country to country. We reserve the right to modify the product without any notice always with
the aim of improvements and in compliance with the relevant norm.
General description
The appliance can be used as a canopy hood or can be mounted beneath a wall cupboard and is suitable for
use as an exhaust hood or as a recirculating hood; if an exhaust facility (an exhaust duct or a ventilating shaft) is
available, then we recommend the hood be installed as an exhaust hood for then, most of the smells and vapors
that arise when cooking or frying can be almost completely removed from the kitchen. The grease filter that is
fitted removes any grease particles from the vapors so that your kitchen, the kitchen furniture and the walls
remain for the most part free of grease and other particles that could give rise to unpleasant odors.
Exhaust version
The hood must be connected by the flange (supplied as part of the hood) to a duct to vent all the exhausted
air outside the kitchen. Over horizontal areas, if any, the duct must be slanted about 10 % upwards from upstream
to downstream. Pease make sure that the lever (fig. 6/2) is in the exhaust position. The efficiency of the
exhaust hood decreases as the length of the ducts and number of elbows
increase.
When using the exhaust version, follow these rules:
Do not connect the exhaust hood to chimneys, flues, and air ducts serving the room.
Before venting into exhaust flues and ducts no longer in use, ask for the approval of the person or agency
responsible for the building.
The evacuated air must not be let into a warm air duct.
For the evacuation of the exhausted air please note official instructions.
Suggestions for using the hood in exhaust position
When an exhaust hood and a heat source requiring ambient air (e.g. gas, oil, coal stoves, etc.) are used at the
same time, attention is required because the air necessary for combustion is exhausted from the room through the
hood and this creates depression. There is no such danger when the maximum depression in the room is 0,04
mbar. In this condition no exhaust gas from the heat source is piped. To assure this condition, make openings in
the room which cannot be closed (doors, windows, etc. are not sufficient) and through which the air necessary
for combustion can freely flow.
All the exhaust ductwork in the apartment or house should be studied. In case of doubts, get advice or authorization
from the person or agency responsible for the building. When using gas burners, gas ovens, etc. as
well as when using the hood in the filter version, these precautions are not necessary.
Filter version
This version is used when no exhaust duct to the outdoors is available The air is purified by an active vegetable
carbon filter and recycled into the room. Make sure the carbon odor fitter is inserted.
Using the cooker hood
The cooker hood should be switched on either before or at the same as cooking or frying commences.
How the cooker hood works
The hood is fitted with a push buttons for speed regulation.
Lighting
The light works independency of whether the fan is switched on or off, being provided with a separate
on/off switch.
Installation
The hood must be mounted over the center of the cooking area. The minimum distances between the cooking
area and the underpart of the hood are 650 mm.
The distances, however, are subject to the safety rules in effect in the various countries.
Fastening the cooker hood to the wall
1. Using the attached template mark the position of the holes. Before drilling make sure that no wiring
will be damaged.
2. Drill the two fastening holes, drive in the wall plugs and screw in the screws until their heads are about
6 mm from the wall.
3. Place the hood to the wall in order to check that it seats properly.
Than mark the position of the two holes. Take it off from the wall now, drill the homes and fit the plugs.
4. Place the hood once again to the wall, tighten the screws and introduce the screws from the inside of
the appliance.
Fastening the cooker hood beneath a wall cupboard
1. Turn the wall cupboard upside down.
2. Using the attached template mark on the wall the positions of the 4 screws holes and the exhaust opening.
3. Using a 4.5 mm bit, drill the four fastening holes in the bottom of the cupboard.
4. Only for hoods with an exhaust connection pointing upwards.
5. Cut the exhaust opening for a pipe of (130 mm diameter) and fasten the pipe flange to the hood.
6. Turn the cupboard back over and stand it on the top of the cooker hood and fasten the hood to the cupboard
by means of four screws screwed through the holes that were drilled in the bottom of the cupboard.
Electric connection
Make sure the supply voltage ratings correspond with those stated on the appliance data plate. This
appliances is double insulated, do not connect to earth.
Attention: If the appliance does not have a plug, when making a fixed installation, a cutoff device must be
used to assure omni polar disconnection the mains. The cutoff distance of the contacts must be at least 3 mm.
Safety rules
Do not do any flambé cooking underneath the hood.
When frying, never leave the pan alone because the cooking
oil could flare up. Clean all the surfaces frequently to avoid danger of fire.
It is also important to remove and clean or substitute frequently the filter installed in the hood.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
AIR CONDITIONER
Touch Control Panel with LED Display
A simple tap of the touch control panel is all you need to set the temperature, timer, or cooling fan speeds,
and the LED display will give you a quick, accurate indication of your temperature setting.
Compact Remote Controller
A slim-line remote lets you change your air conditioner's settings from across the room.
12-Hour On/Off Timer
Lets you to set your air conditioner to switch off automatically in one-hour increments, up to 12 hours from
the present time. For example, you can set it when you go to bed so it shuts off while you sleep. Some models
also feature timer switch-on capability, letting you set you set the timer so the air conditioner turns on before
you get home from work.
Optional e+ Filter
The electrostatically charged e+ Filter helps to keep air cleaner by removing particles of dust, pollen, and
smoke that may pass through ordinary filters.1 (All 2003 models include a standard air filter. The e+ Filter is an
optional accessory.)
Energy Star Qualified – High EER
Models that meet certain electricity usage requirements qualify for the government's Energy Star program.
Energy Star qualified air conditioners use less electricity than conventional models. Some utility companies
also offer rebates for owners of Energy Star products, potentially saving you even more money.
Wide Airflow
The air outlet opens wide left and right, sending air to every corner of the room. And cool air directed
through the top discharge system–when the air outlet is located high on the unit–naturally spreads as it descends.
Left or Right Side Power Cord
Allows for simple installation in most rooms.
Through the Wall Installation
Mount the air conditioner through a thick wall (professional installation required).
Auto Air Swing
Cool air is spread evenly across the room via swinging air control vents. The air swing vents can also be
shut off to direct airflow in one direction.
Easy to Lift Out Filter
You can open the grille and pop out the filter for quick and easy cleaning.
Removable, Washable Intake Grille
The intake grille can be removed in a one-step operation, allowing for easy cleaning with water.
Multiple Cooling and Fan Only Speeds
The air conditioner can be run with cooling turned on, or you can run the fan by itself to help circulate air
around the room. Multiple settings provide comfort under varying conditions.
Economy Operation Mode
Saves energy by automatically shutting down the fan whenever the compressor stops.
4-Way Air Deflection System
Directs the airflow horizontally and vertically through adjustable front louvers, allowing you to either cool
the whole room or concentrate on one area.
Ventilation Control
You can open the vent to discharge stale air, or close it to circulate air in the room.
Slide-Out Chassis
Makes installation simple via a two-piece process. Just install the lightweight cabinet first, and then slide in
the main chassis.
L E S S O N 13
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
APPLICATION OF AUTOMATION AND
ROBOTICS IN INDUSTRY
Manufacturing is one of the most important applications for automation technology. There are several
types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described
bellow.
1. Fixed automation, sometimes called “hard automation” refers to automated machines in which the
equipment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operation. These machines are programmed by
their design to make only certain processing operations. They are not easily changed over from one product
style to another. This form of automation needs high initial investments and high production rates. That is why
it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer
lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes.
2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for products in large quantities, ranging from several
dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed
and changed over. This preprogramming and changeover take a period of non-productive time. Production
rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is
designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. A numerical control machine-tool
is a good example of programmable automation. The program is coded in computer memory for each different
product style and the machine-tool is controlled by the computer programme.
3. Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation. Programmable automation requires time
to reprogram and change over the production equipment for each series of new product. This is lost production
time, which is expensive. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the
equipment can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation
is done at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation allows
a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Текст посвящен применению автоматизации в промышленности. Согласно автору, существует не-
сколько типов автоматизации в производстве, такие как: фиксированная, программируемая и гибкая.
Фиксированная автоматизация, как говорится в тексте, позволяет машинам выполнять запрограммиро-
ванные операции по обработке изделий. Такие машины обычно используются для массового производст-
ва изделий. Автор указывает, что отличие программируемой автоматизации в необходимости повторного
программирования после изготовления каждого нового вида изделия. В статье описывается применение
такого оборудования для управления производством. В заключении характеризуется гибкая автомати-
зация и приводятся ее преимущества.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
ELECTRONICS
Electronics is a new
branch of physics, and one
that plays an increasingly important
part in our lives. It is
concerned with the use of
electricity to produce signals
that carry information and
control devices such as computers.
These devices contain
electric circuits through which
electric current flows. The
controlling parts in a circuit
are called components, and
these include diodes and transistors.
Components can amplify
currents, switch them on
and off, or change their direction.
Электроника – это новая
отрасль физики, которая
играет все более важную
роль в нашей жизни. Она
занимается вопросами
применения электричества
для производства сигналов,
которые несут информацию
и управляют такими
устройствами, как компь-
ютеры. В этих устройствах
размещены элекроцепи, по
которым проходит
электрический ток. Управ-
ляющие элементы электро-
цепи называются
компонентами, к ним отно-
сятся диоды и транзисторы.
Компоненты могут усили-
вать электротоки, включать
нять их направление.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
LASER
The word laser stands
for "Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation."
A laser is a device
for converting ordinary
light into and intense narrow
beam. The laser passes
an electric current through a
material, which can be a
solid, liquid, or gas. Some
atoms of the material take
in energy and give off
quanta (packets of radiation).
This causes other atoms
to give off quanta.
These bounce back and
forth between mirrors and
are fired out as light of a
single wavelength.
(a) слово "лазер" является
сокращением понятия; (b) ко-
торое может быть твердым,
жидким или газообразным; (c)
и выделяют энергию в виде
света одной длины волны; (d)
лазер – это устройство для пре-
вращения обычного света; (e)
лазер проводит электрический
ток через вещество; (f) некото-
рые атомы вещества вбирают
энергию; (g) и выделяют кван-
ты (пучки радиации); (h) этот
процесс побуждает другие ато-
мы выделять кванты; (i) они
скачут взад-вперед между зер-
калами; (j) "усиление световых
лучей путем стимулируемой
эмиссии радиации"; (k) в ин-
тенсивный узкий пучок.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
THE AERIAL
Suppose we string a copper wire so that one end is up in the air and the other end is connected to the
ground. Radio waves, sent out by a broadcasting station, striking this wire, will set up an electrical pressure or
voltage across it. This pressure will cause a small electrical current to flow up and down the wire. We now have
the beginning of our radio receiver, the aerial-ground system. With it we collect the radio waves. All receivers
must have an aerial-ground system. It may be external and connected to the set by wires, or it may be contained
in the set itself in the form of a number of loops of wire.
To prove that this aerial-ground system is necessary to the receiver connect up a regular broadcast receiver
with an external aerial and ground. Tune in a station and then disconnect the aerial and ground. The station dies
away.
Предположим, что мы натягиваем медный провод так, чтобы один конец находился в воздухе, и
другой конец связан с основанием (землей). Радиоволны, отосланные радиостанцией, ударяя этот про-
вод, настроят (установят) электрическое давление или напряжение поперек этого. Это давление заста-
вит маленький электрический поток течь вверх и вниз по проводу. Мы теперь имеем начало нашего ра-
дио-приемника, системы воздушного основания (воздушной земли). С этим мы собираем (забираем) ра-
диоволны. Все приемники должны иметь систему воздушного основания (воздушной земли). Это может
быть внешним и связано с набором проводами, или это может содержаться в наборе непосредственно в
форме множества петель провода.
Доказывать, что эта система воздушного основания (воздушной земли) является необходимой для
приемника, соединяют правильный приемник радиопередачи с внешней антенной и основанием (зем-
лей). Настройте станция, и затем разъедините антенну и основание (землю). Станция замирает.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
ANTI-THEFT PULL OUT CAR CASSETTE
PLAYER WITH AM/FM TUNING RADIO
Function of Control
1. POWER BUTTON – Press the button to turn on or off the unit.
2. LOUDNESS CONTROL BUTTON.
3. LOCAL/DISTANCE BUTTON – Press this button for distance reception when you are located at weak
signal location. Depress this button for stronger signal.
4. TREMBLE CONTROL KNOB – Rotate the knob to increase or decrease the bass response.
5. VOLUME KNOB – Rotate the knob to increase or decrease the volume level.
6. TUNING KNOB – Rotate this knob to get your desired broadcasting station.
7. EJECT BUTTON – Push the button half way in to fast forward the tape, and fully in to the tape.
8. LED INDICATOR(FOR LO/DX).
9. MUTE SWITCH – Press the button to reduce the sound volume immediately.
10. AM/FM BUTTON – Press the button for AM or FM reception.
11. PULL OUT HANDLE.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
DVD RECORDERS
Recording to DVD-RAM & DVD-R Discs
Our DVD Recorders can record to both high-capacity DVD-RAM discs and DVD-R discs. DVD-RAM
discs can be rewritten up to an incredible 100,000 times and come in the double-sided (9.4GB capacity) and
single-sided (4.7GB) varieties in both cartridge (provides additional protection) and non-cartridge types, all of
which can be used with our recorders. DVD-RAM discs can be played back on our DVD-RAM-compatible
DVD home players and portable players.
DVD-R discs are write-once and can be played on most consumer DVD players. In addition, the smaller, 8 cm
DVD-RAM and DVD-R discs utilized for our VDR-M30 DVD camcorder can be used for recording and playback
in our DVD recorders, too. Click here to purchase DVD-RAM and DVD-R discs direct from Panasonic.
Chasing Playback
Now you no longer have to wait for an entire program to be recorded before watching it from beginning to
end. With chasing playback, an element of our Time Slip feature, you can skip back to watch a program currently
being recorded from any point that's already been recorded – while continuing to record the live program in progress.
Simultaneous Recording and Playback
The second part of our Time Slip feature, Simultaneous Recording and Playback lets you record a program
onto a disc while you’re watching any other program that's previously been recorded on the same disc.
Built-in Hard Disk
Record and store up to 52 hours of programming (EP mode) on the built-in 40 GB hard disk. These recordings
can also be transferred from the hard disk to DVD-RAM or DVD-R discs for safekeeping.
Auto Renewal Recording
Automatically records an episode of a specified TV show either every day or every week directly onto the
hard disk, with the most recent episode being recorded right over the previous one.
Relief Recording
The DVD Recorder checks the remaining disc space before recording onto a DVD-RAM or DVD-R disc.
And if there’s not enough space, your entire program gets recorded onto the hard disk. This feature also works
if you’ve chosen to record a program and forgot to insert a disc.
High-Speed Recording
Record from the hard disk to a DVD-RAM disc at up to
12x speed. A one-hour program can be transferred in EP mode from hard disk to DVD-RAM disc in five minutes.
Progressive Scanning
Progressive Scanning (480P) creates a picture signal with double the scan lines of a conventional DVD interlaced
picture (480I), resulting in higher picture resolution.
L E S S O N 14
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
RAPID MANUFACTURING
With increased competition from the global economy, manufacturers face the challenge of delivering new
customized products more quickly than before to meet customer demands. A delayed development or delivery
can mean business failure. Several technologies collectively known as Rapid Manufacturing (RM) have been
developed to shorten the design and production cycle, and promise to revolutionize many traditional manufacturing
procedures.
Before production of a product begins, a sample or prototype is often required as part of the design cycle,
to allow demonstration, evaluation, or testing of the proposed product. The fast creation of a prototype is known
as Rapid Prototyping (RP), and is generally carried out before specialized molds, tools, or jigs are designed.
Prototyping traditionally required considerable skilled hand labor, time, and expense, typically applied to cutting,
bending, shaping, and assembling a part from standard stock material. The procedure was often iterative,
with a series of prototypes being built to test various options. For many applications, this process has been revolutionized
by a relatively recent technology known as layer manufacturing or Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF),
in which a part of an arbitrary shape can be produced in a single process by adding successive layers of material.
RM also includes the fast fabrication of the tools required for mass production, such as specially-shaped
molds, dies, and jigs. Many different layer manufacturing processes have now been developed, using an increasing
range of materials. The parts produced have been of steadily increasing size and durability, and as the
quality has improved layer manufacturing is being used more and more frequently to fabricate the parts both for
production tools and functional prototypes. The application of layer manufacturing to make the components
used in production is termed Rapid Tooling (RT). It has been applied to injection molding, investment casting,
and mold casting processes.
For some products, it can be economical to use layer manufacturing to produce the final products themselves,
sometimes in a matter of days instead of weeks or months. Although the layer fabrication process itself
is typically not as fast as traditional mass production techniques, it eliminates tooling, setup, and assembly
processes, can produce parts of superior quality and complexity, and can be ideal for making custom parts
based on a customer's special requirements. More manufacturers are taking advantages of these techniques.
Layer manufacturing allows parts of completely arbitrary
3-dimensional (3D) geometry to be fabricated, offering designers a new freedom to shape parts optimally without
the constraints imposed by forming, machining, or joining. Another important advantage is that the process
utilizes the computer description of the part shape directly, and allows integration of the Computer Aided Design
(CAD) with the Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM) of the part. It therefore allows a manufacturing cycle
with a seamless transition through the computer design, simulation, modeling, and fabrication procedures.
In addition, the profiles used by the fabrication process are straightforward for the designers and customers to
understand, thus facilitating technical communications.
The technologies now available include a variety of different processes, such as Stereolithography, Selective
Laser Sintering, Shape Deposition Manufacturing, and Laminated Object Manufacturing.
The cost saving potential of RM techniques may be illustrated by a research program studying the
application of several layer manufacturing technologies to the production of tools for sheet metal forming.
Sheet forming involves plastic deformation of sheet metal blanks by one or more operations into required
shapes, usually by pressing the metal against a mold or die by fluid or elastic pressure. The tooling required is
relatively expensive to produce by traditional machining, but layer manufacturing offered great savings.
Numerous commercial RM systems for various materials and sizes are now available on the market around the
world. RM technologies have seen rapid development and improvement in capability, and have been in
widespread use for well over ten years. They have gained tremendous success by practical verification, and will
no doubt see further development and application in the future.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Название текста – «Быстрое производство». Автор говорит о том, что, прежде чем начать производ-
ство изделия, необходимо выбрать его образец, установить цикл проекта и начать испытание этого из-
делия. В условиях быстрого развития экономики изготовители не должны сталкиваться с задержкой за-
казов на изделия. Автор утверждает, что создание образца изделия требует квалифицированной ручной
рабочей силы, времени, материальных затрат и оборудования. Cовременные технологии для массового
производства изделий основаны на применении компьютерных программ, лазерных установок и хими-
ческих производств. Использование инструментов, знаний и технологий являются достаточно дорого-
стоящими в условиях развития экономики. Согласно данной статье, в наши дни созданы многочислен-
ные коммерческие системы быстрого моделирования, которые имеют огромный успех.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
CIRCULAR MOTION
If you whirl a weight around on a piece of string, you have to pull on the string to keep the weight in circular
motion. This pulling creates a central force, called a centripetal force. The circular motion results from the
force acting inward along the siring. There is always a central force responsible for the circular motion of a
moving object. All moving objects will travel in a straight line unless a force prevents them.
При вращении какого-нибудь груза на кусочке веревки необходимо натягивать веревку, чтобы
удержать груз в круговом движении. Это натяжение создается силой, называемой центростремительной
силой. Вращательное движение происходит из-за усилия, направленного внутрь по веревке. При этом
всегда существует и центробежная сила, возникающая в результате движения вращающегося предмета.
Все движущиеся предметы перемещались бы по прямой линии, если бы не было силы, которая этому
препятствует.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
SOLIDS
A solid is a compact
substance, created by
closely packed atoms that
form a regular pattern
called a lattice. There are
(a) разница состоит лишь в
отличиях структурных реше-
ток атомов; (b) позволяющими
лишь крайне незначительные
движения; (c) такой элемент,
strong forces holding the
atoms together, which allow
only slight movement. The
hardness of a solid depends
on the pattern and movement
of its atoms. The element
carbon, for example,
can exist in a soft form
called graphite, or in one of
the hardest solid forms on
Earth, the diamond. The
difference is due to variations
in the arrangements of
atoms.
как углерод; (d) которые обра-
зуют правильную структуру;
(e) называемого графитом; (f)
твердое вещество – это ком-
пактное вещество; (g) атомы
плотно удерживаются вместе
мощными усилиями;
(h) прочность твердого веще-
ства зависит от структурной
решетки и движения его ато-
мов; (i) например, может нахо-
диться в форме мягкого веще-
ства; (j) называемую решеткой;
(k) состоящее из плотно при-
жатых друг к другу атомов; (l)
или в форме одного из самых
прочных твердых веществ на
земле – алмаза.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
AUTOMATION AND MECHANIZATION
In so far as automation as automation replaces human muscle by mechanical power it continues a process
of mechanization which began before the Industrial Revolution two centuries ago. The first machines were not
automatic; they performed many physical tasks but they had to be operated and controlled by workers. But
semi-automatic machines were invented early in the history of mechanization; they were, for instance, the textile
machines and, later on, the lathes widely employed in engineering. These machines performed automatically,
once they were set and loaded, and they confined human operator to two kinds of work, the unskilled
work of loading and unloading, and the skilled work of setting and maintaining machines. Since then technical
development has been gradual and continuous. They have greatly widened the range of operations that can be
performed automatically and they have mechanized some loading and unloading of machines. Perhaps the best
and most recent example is the transfer- machine in engineering, it combines automatic machining with automatic
transfer between operations, so that all loading and unloading is done mechanically except at the beginning
and end of the line. There have also been extensive developments in the handling of materials and components
between processes and in the mechanical assembly of simple components.
В том, насколько автоматизация, поскольку автоматизация заменяет человеческий мускул механи-
ческой властью (мощью), это продолжает процесс механизации, которая началась перед Индустриаль-
ной Революцией два столетия назад. Первые машины (механизмы) не были автоматические; они вы-
полнили много физических задач, но они должны были использоваться и управляться рабочими. Но по-
луавтоматические машины (механизмы) были изобретены рано в истории механизации; они были, на-
пример, текстильными машинами (механизмами) и, позже, токарные станки, широко используемые в
разработке. Эти машины (механизмы) выполнили автоматически, как только они были установлены и
загружены, и они ограничили (заключили) человеческий оператор к двум видам работы, работа низкой
квалификации загрузки и разгрузки, и квалифицированной работы урегулирования (установки) и под-
держания машин (механизмов).
С тех пор техническое развитие было постепенно и непрерывно. Они очень расширили диапазон дейст-
вий, которые могут быть выполнены автоматически, и они механизировали некоторую загрузку и раз-
грузку машин (механизмов). Возможно лучшее и самый недавний пример – передача (перемещение) –
машина (механизм) в разработке, это комбинирует(объединяет) автоматическую механическую обра-
ботку с автоматической передачей (перемещением) между действиями, так, чтобы вся загрузка и раз-
грузка была сделана механически кроме вначале и конец линии. Также были обширные события в обра-
ботке материалов и компонентов между процессами и на механическом собрании простых компонен-
тов.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
THE EU REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPOSURE TO RADIO
WAVES
Your mobile phone CL50 is a radio transmitter and receiver. It is designed and manufactured not to exceed
the limits for exposure to radio frequency (RF) energy recommended by The Council of the European Union.
These limits are part of comprehensive guidelines and establish permitted levels of RF energy for the general
population. The guidelines were developed by independent scientific organisations through periodic and thorough
evaluation of scientific studies. The limits include a substantial safety margin designed to assure the safety
of all persons, regardless of age and health.
The exposure standard for mobile phones employs a unit of measurement known as the Specific Absorption
Rate, or SAR. The SAR limit recommended by The Council of the European Union is 2.0 W/kg.* Tests for SAR
have been conducted using standard operating positions with the phone transmitting at its highest certified power
level in all tested frequency bands. Although the SAR is determined at the highest certified power level, the actual
SAR level of the phone while operating can be well below the maximum value. This is because the phone is
designed to operate at multiple power levels so as to use only the power required to reach the network. In general,
the closer you are to a base station antenna, the lower the power output.
Before a phone model is available for sale to the public, compliance with the European R&TTE directive
must be shown. This directive includes as one essential requirement the protection of the health and the safety
for the user and any other person. The highest SAR value for this model phone CL50 when tested for compliance
against the standard was 0.88 W/kg. While there may be differences between the SAR levels of various
phones and at various positions, they all meet the EU requirements for RF exposure.
The SAR limit for mobile phones used by the public is
2.0 watts/kilogram (W/kg) averaged over ten grams of tissue. The limit incorporates a substantial margin of
safety to give additional protection for the public and to account for any variations in measurements. SAR values
may vary depending on national reporting requirements and the network band. For SAR information in other
regions please look under product information at www.my-siemens.com.
SAR (International).
REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPOSURE TO RADIO WAVES.
Your mobile phone CL50 is a radio transmitter and receiver. It is designed and manufactured not to exceed the
limits for exposure to radio frequency (RF) recommended by international guidelines (ICNIPP).
"These limits are part of comprehensive guidelines and establish permitted levels of RF energy for the general
population. The guidelines were developed by independent scientific organisations through periodic and
thorough evaluation of scientific studies. The guidelines include a substantial safety margin designed to assure
the safety of all persons, regardless of age and health.
The exposure standard for mobile phones employs a unit of measurement known as the Specific Absorbtion
Rate, or SAR. The SAR limit stated in the international guidelines is 2.0 W/kg*. Tests for SAR are
conducted using standard operating positions with the phone transmitting 's highest certified power level in
tested frequency bands. Although the SAR is determined at the highest certified power level, the actual SAR of
the phone while operating can be well below the maximum value. This is because the phone is designed to operate
at multiple power levels so as to use only the power required to reach the network. In general, the closer
you are to a base station the lower the power output of the phone.
The highest SAR value for this model phone CL50 when tested for use at the ear is 0.88 W/kg. While there
may be differences between the SAR levels of various phone and at various positions, they all meet the relevant
international guidelines for RF exposure.
The SAR limit for mobile phones used by the public is 2.0 watts/kg (W/kg) averaged over ten grams of tissue.
The guideline incorporates a substantial margin of safety to give additional protection for the public and to
account for any variations in measurements. SAR values may vary depending on national reporting
requirements and network bands. For SAR information in other regions please look under product information
at www.my-siemens.com.
Cautions
Care of dry cell batteries
To prevent battery damage, electrolyte leakage, and short-circuiting, heed the following points.
• Do not peel off the covering on batteries and do not use if the covering has been peeled off.
• Align the poles © and © correctly when inserting the batteries.
• Do not mix different types or makes of batteries or old and new batteries.
• Remove the batteries if you do not intend to use the unit for n long time.
• Do not throw into fire, short-circuit, disassemble, or subject to excessive heat.
• Do not attempt to recharge cell batteries.
• Do not allow metal objects to touch the battery terminals as this may cause short-circulation which is
dangerous.
• When carrying batteries in a pocket or bag, ensure no metal objects such as necklaces are placed together
with them. Contact with metal may cause short-circuiting which can cause a fire.
Precautions for Listening with the Headphones Earphones
• Do not play your headphones or earphones at volume. Hearing experts advise against conl extended
play.
• If you experience a ringing in your ears, reduce volume or discontinue use.
• Do not use while operating a motorized vehicle. It may create a traffic hazard and is illegal in many areas.
• You should use extreme caution or temporarily discontinue use in potentially hazardous situations.
• Even if your headphones or earphones are the open-air type designed to let you hear outside sounds,
don't turn up the volume so high that you can't hear what's around you.
• Discontinue use if you experience discomfort with the headphones or earphones or any other parts that
contact your skin. Continued use may cause rashes or other allergic reactions.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
CELLULAR PHONE
Minimum Size – Maximum Style
Even though the G51 is small enough to comfortably hang from your neck, a 4,096-color display makes it
easy to see all the functions the phone has to offer.
40 Polyphonic Ring Tones
With 40 polyphonic ring tones, you can enjoy rich, melodic rings that simultaneously recreate real instrument
sounds for a more natural flow.
SMS/EMS Chat
Allows you to easily send and receive instant text messages, and the chat history stays on screen allowing
you to read it as you reply. The phone also supports WAP browsing.
GPRS
This advanced technology enables you to utilize airtime during the actual transfer of data, giving you the
benefit of faster connection and data speeds.
WAP 1.2.1 Browser
A WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) browser provides access to the Internet, allowing you to browse
select websites and game playing. Requires subscription to data service.
Built-in Handsfree
This feature allows you to use the phone without holding it in your hands, and the powerful speaker makes
it convenient for more than one person to join in on the conversation.
Vibration alert
Tells you when someone's calling without ringing and disturbing those around you.
Scheduler
Reminds you of important dates and events.
Calculator and Currency Converter
Does math for you when needed.
L E S S O N 15
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
METALS AND ALLOYS
In the last thirty years or so, due to the fast development of industry, the need for new metallic materials
has enormously increased. Metals practically unheard of before, such as germanium, plutonium, and than um
have come to light, taking their place in the electronic and atomic industries. There have also been developed
high-temperature alloys for power plants capable of withstanding oxidation and erosion, new ferro-magnetic
materials, constructional steels, etc., intended for operating under severe stresses, or/and at extremely high or
low temperatures.
Practically speaking, each metal possesses certain distinct combinations of properties that may be varied for
specific engineering applications by alloying it with relatively small amounts of other metals.
Before starting to study the basic phenomena, which determine the performance of metallic materials, it is
advisable to get an idea of what the terms "metal", "alloy" and "element" mean.
The term "alloy" is commonly used to describe a material containing more than one chemical element, the
properties of the alloy being determined by the properties of the elements it consists of. The term "pure metal",
on the other hand, is used for materials in which almost all chemical elements but one are eliminated.
The distinction between metals and alloys is immaterial for describing the effects of their chemical composition
on forming, such as rolling, forging, pressing, etc. But even small amounts of chemical elements, or impurities,
in pure metals used in electronics may affect their performance in the same way as the comparatively
large quantities of alloying elements in pure metals used in other fields of engineering. The designation "metal" is
sometimes applied in metallurgy to metallic materials without making distinction between pure metal and alloy,
the first definition of the word "metal" having been formulated by M.V. Lomonosov in the following way: "A
metal is a bright solid that can be forged." This definition is still true, metallic lustre and the ability for plastic deformation
being, in fact, characteristic features of metals. The most important feature of metals, however, is their
high electrical conductivity which decreases as the temperature is raised.
As to the term "element", it is frequently used not only for commercially pure metals but also for some alloys
containing a considerable amount of other metals, the most common but rather misleading term of this nature
being "iron", when used in English-speaking countries for designation of cast iron containing a large quantity
of carbon.
Otherwise, an alloy possessing properties materially different from those of the pure metal which forms its
basis, is designated as an alloy of this metal, such as a copper alloy, an aluminum alloy, etc., the basis of an alloy
in this respect being the element which is present in a quantity over 50 per cent by weight. However, in exceptional
cases, the basis of an alloy may comprise less than 50 %, as in the case of an iron alloy containing 40
% iron, 30 % cobalt, and 30 % chromium, with the addition of two, three or more other elements.
When added to a pure metal, a certain amount of second metal may cause the change of its grain structure
in two distinctly different manners: either the structure of such a binary alloy has the same homogeneous structure
as that of pure metal, the alloy possessing such a structure being called a solid solution, or the second element
forms crystallites different from those of the pure metal, the structure thus formed being known as heterogeneous
mixture of two phases. With one phase contain-less, and the other more, of the second element, the two
phases are of different chemical composition.
A third element added to a binary alloy having a homogeneous structure may result again in either a homogeneous
or a heterogeneous structure. If added to a binary alloy having a heterogeneous structure, the third
element may either appear without any effect or add a third phase to the structure. The term "phase", when used
in metallurgy, designates any homogeneous and physically distinct part of a system which is separated from
other parts of the system by definite bounding surfaces.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Текст называется «Металлы». В статье даются определения терминам «металл», «сплав», «эле-
мент». Согласно автору, сплав – это материал, содержащий в своем составе более одного химического
элемента. Свойства сплава определяются свойствами элементов, из которых он состоит. В состав сплава
может входить два и более других элемента. Автор указывает, что содержание сплава может включать
40 % железа, 30 % кобальта и 30 % хрома. Вторая часть статьи посвящена металлам. Описывается элек-
трическая проводимость как основная особенность металла. В заключение объясняется термин «ста-
дия», используемый в металлургии.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
METALS
Metals are a group of elements that share certain properties. They conduct heat and electricity well, which
is why cooking pans and electrical wires are made of metal. They are also strong and can be shaped easily; this
is why they are used to make structures such as bridges. Although there are many similarities between metals,
there are also differences that determine how suitable a metal is for a particular use. Of the 109 elements known
today, 87 are metals. They are rarely used in their pure state – they are usually mixed with other metals or nonmetals
to form combinations known as alloys.
Металлы – это группа элементов, которые наделены определенными свойствами.
Они хорошо проводят тепло и электричество, поэтому сковородки и электропровода делаются из
металла. Кроме того, они прочные и легко могут принимать любую форму, поэтому они используются в
строительстве таких сооружений, как мосты. Хотя разные металлы имеют много общего, они также
имеют и различия, которые определяют, насколько тот или иной металл пригоден для определенных
целей. Из 109 известных на сегодняшний день элементов, 87 – металлы. Они редко используются в чис-
том виде, обычно они смешаны с другими металлами или неметаллами, создавая комбинации, извест-
ные как сплавы.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
SEPARATION
The Earth provides all the (a) этот процесс называ-
raw materials we need. The
problem is to separate the substances
we want from the mixtures
in which they naturally
exist. Chemists use a variety
of different methods of separation,
depending on the type of
mixture and the properties of
the substances it contains. We
sometimes need to separate.
Substances at home, too. In a
coffee maker, for example, a
filter separates the ground coffee
beans from the liquid coffee.
This is known as filtration.
ется фильтрованием; (b) в
которых они находятся в ес-
тественном виде; (c) моло-
тые зерна кофе от жидкого
кофе; (d) задача состоит в
том; (e) химики пользуются
множеством разнообразных
методов выделения;
(f) которые она содержит;
(g) иногда нам нужно отде-
лять вещества также в до-
машних условиях; (h) чтобы
выделить нужные нам веще-
ства из смесей; (i) в кофе-
варке, например, фильтр от-
деляет; (j) в зависимости от
вида смеси и от свойств тех
веществ; (k) земля снабжает
нас всем необходимым нам
сырьем.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
TAPE RECORDER
Marvin Camras' inventions are used in modern magnetic tape and wire recorders, including improved recording
heads wire and tape material, magnetic sound for motion pictures, multitrack tape machines, stereophonic
sound reproduction, and video tape recording.
In the 1930s Carmas developed a successful wire recorder. Before and during Word War II his early wire
recorders were used by the military to train pilots. Battle sounds were recorded and equipment was developed
to amplify them by thousands of watts. The recordings were placed where the invasion of D-Day was not to
take place, giving false information to the Germans. The public first heard of Camras' work after the war had
ended.
Изобретения Марвина Камра используются в современной магнитной ленте (пленке) и проводных
регистраторах, включая улучшенный провод глав регистрации и записывают на пленку материальный,
магнитный звук для кинофильмов, многодорожечных машин (механизмов) ленты (пленки), стереофо-
нического звукового (нормального) воспроизводства, и регистрации видеоленты.
В 1930-ых Carmas развивал успешный проводной регистратор. Прежде и в течение Войны Слова II
его ранних проводных регистраторов использовались военными, чтобы обучить пилотов. Звуки сраже-
ния были зарегистрированы, и оборудование было развито, чтобы усилить их тысячами ватт. Регистра-
ция была помещена, где вторжение в день "Д" не должно было иметь место, давая ложную информацию
Немцам. Публика сначала слышала о работе Камраса после того, как война закончилась.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
CASSETTE RECORDER
Copyright
Recording is permissible insofar as copyright or other rights of third parties are not infringed.
Fast winding and rewinding
Press fast forward wind F.FWD «« or REWIND button. To stop, press STOP
Safeguarding a cassette against erasure
Keep the cassette side to be safeguarded m front of you and break out the left tab. Now, recording on this side
is no longer possible.
CASSETTE PLAYBACK
• Set the TAPE/RADIO selector to TAPE.
• Press EJECT and insert a cassette.
• For playback, any cassette type can be inserted.
• To start playback, press PLAY.
• Adjust the sound with the controls VOLUME and TONE.
• You may connect stereo headphones with 35 mm plug to socket. The loudspeaker is then muted.
• To stop, press STOP. The set is then switched off. On pressing again, the cassette holder will open
(EJECT).
When the end of the tape is reached, the recorder buttons are released.
RECORDING
• Press EJECT to open the cassette holder.
• Insert the cassette
• For recording you must use a NORMAL cassette on which the tabs are not removed.
• At the very beginning of the tape, no recording will take place during the first 7 seconds when the
leader tape passes the recorder heads.
• When monitoring during recording, adjust the sound with the controls VOLUME and TONE. These
controls do not affect the recording.
Recording from the radio
• Set the TAPE/RADIO selector to RADIO.
Microphone recording
• Set the TAPE/RADIO selector to TAPE.
• Set the VOLUME control to zero (during microphone recordings, monitoring is not possible).
Starting and stopping the recording
• To start recording, press RECORD; in doing so, PLAY is pressed too.
• For brief interruptions, press PAUSE. Press again to restart recording.
• To stop, press STOP. On pressing again, the cassette holder will open (EJECT).
• When the end of the tape is reached, the recorder buttons are released.
• The set is switched off if TAPE/RADIO selector is in position TAPE and the recorder buttons are released.
Radio/General
RADIO RECEPTION
• Set the TAPE/RADIO selector to RADIO.
• Adjust the sound with the controls VOLUME and TONE.
• You may connect stereo headphones with 35 mm plug to socket. The loudspeakers are then muted.
• Select the wave band using BAND selector.
• Tune to a radio station using TUNING knob (SW and LW not on all versions).
− For FM, pull out the telescopic aerial To improve
FM-reception, incline and turn the aerial. Reduce its length if the
FM-signal is too strong (very close to a transmitter).
− For AM/MW and LW (Medium and Long Wave), the set is provided with a built-in aerial, so there is
no need to use the telescopic aerial. The aerial can be directed by turning the whole set.
− For Short Wave (SW), the telescopic aerial must be pulled out and placed in the vertical position. To
improve SW-reception, vary the length of the aerial.
• The set is switched off if the TAPE/RADIO selector is in position TAPE and the recorder buttons are
released.
MAINTENANCE
Clean the parts indicated after every 50 hours of operation or, on average, once a month.
• Open the cassette holder by pressing EJECT.
• Use a cotton bud slightly moistened with alcohol or a special head cleaning fluid.
• Press PLAY and clean the rubber pressure roller.
• Then press PAUSE and clean the capstan, recording/playback head and erase head.
• After cleaning, press STOP.
Cleaning of the heads can also be done by playing a cleaning cassette through once Do not expose the set.
batteries and cassettes to ram, moisture, sand, or to excessive heat e.g. from heating equipment or in motor cars
parked in the sun. If a fault occurs, first check the points listed below before taking the set for repair If you are
unable to remedy a problem by following these hints, consult your dealer or service center.
Warning: Under no circumstances should you try to repair the set yourself, as this would invalidate the
guarantee.
PROBLEM POSSIBLE
CAUSE
REMEDY
VOLUME is
not adjusted
Adjust the VOLUME
Headphones
are connected
Disconnect the headphones
No sound
Batteries are
exhausted
Insert fresh batteries
Broadcast
cannot be
received
Insufficient
antenna input
Rotate telescopic antenna
(FM) or set (AM) for best
reception
Poor radio
reception
Weak radio
aerial signal
Aim the aerial for best
reception:
FM: incline and rotate
telescopic aerial
AM (MW/LW): rotate the
entire set
Poor cassette
sound quality
Dust and dirt
on the heads,
capstan or
pressure roller
Clean the heads etc.
See maintenance
L E S S O N 16
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
TOOLS AND MATERIALS (I)
All the planning and preparation in the world isn't going to get you anywhere unless you have the, right
tools and materials to turn to. Here's a handy checklist that should see you through any of the projects I'm suggesting
here.
Tools. There are a fair few different tools mentioned in the course of this book. Some of them you're almost
sure to have already, while some of them you may need to buy or hire in. The golden rule when buying
any new tool is always go for the best one you can sensibly afford. There will always be cheaper alternatives
available and there will always be very good reasons why those alternatives are cheaper in the first place. Unfortunately
these are reasons that don't usually become apparent until you've got the tool home and started to
use it.
I won't bore you here with a list of every tool you might ever need, but I will mention a few items that are
worth investing in if you don't already have them.
A cordless drill/driver. Without doubt the single most pleasurable and important thing you will ever have
with you in the garden, unless you've got children. Even then, it's often a close-run thing. After all, how many
kids do you know that can drill holes through wood, masonry and metal then pop in another fitting and drive
home all manner of fixings from screws to bolts? All without any moaning and all without any need to be wired
to the mains by way of encouragement. A well-made, powerful drill/driver will help you fly through most of the
projects in this book and ensure that whatever you want to drill or fix is dispatched quickly and efficiently.
There are many types of product on the market, but ideally the one you want has at least a 12v motor,
though 14v is better and 18v is fantastic. Basically, the more powerful the motor the harder the material you can
drill though. If you're planning to drill into masonry
On a regular basis then get a drill/driver that has that has something called 'hammer action'. This doesn't
mean you can spin the thing around and use the handle to knock in nails – it's a little switch that will vibrate the
drill as it spins and punch into the hardest of concrete and stone Also, if you're going to use the thing as your
main screwdriver (and even if you don't think you are, believe me you will) then consider a drill/driver that has
a torque control. This nifty little collar around the chuck allows you to set the screwdriver bit so that it will spin
freely as soon as the screw has been driven firmly home – but just before you rip out all the slots on the head so
that you can never get the screw out again! Finally, twin speed is nice, slow for screwdriving and fast for drilling,
but not really essential. Cordless is definitely nice, but if it's a choice between a very low-powered cordless or a
mains-driven unit then I'd be tempted to go for the more powerful corded one and invest in an extension lead for
good measure.
Drill bits. There are different drill bits for different materials, and using the wrong one will quickly ruin
whichever one is fitted into the drill at the time. Some manufacturers now make drill bits that will tackle wood
and metal, but masonry always requires a drill bit all of its own. Get yourself a small set of whichever type you
need, so that you always have the right size (diameter) of drill bit to hand.
An expanding rule 'Measure twice, cut once' they say, but no one ever mentions that you need to measure
with something accurate and robust. A good metal rule, ideally about 5 metres (16ft) long, will never shrink or
stretch and always give you reliable measurements. It's best to get one with some kind of lock on the casing so
that you don't lose any fingers when the rule snaps back in unexpectedly.
A spirit level Make sure that the spirit level you buy has got at least two bubble tubes – one to tell you
when it's horizontal and another to tell you when it's vertical (or 'plumb' as we call it) You can buy spirit levels
over a metre in length, but I'd recommend buying a shorter one If it's not long enough for the job in hand you
can always place it on to a long straight wooden batten, but make sure the batten really is straight, otherwise all
the leveling in the world isn't going to save you .
A crosscut handsaw Yes, I know there are things called jigsaws and circular saws on sale nowadays, but
they aren't always what you need. A decent 'crosscut' handsaw (one that's designed to cut across the grain of the
wood, for shortening planks and the like) will always come in useful whenever there's timber to be cut. Look
for one that has the handle fitted at exactly 90 degrees to the blade, so that you can use it to mark right-angle
cuts on your wood. Also, keep it clean when you're not using it so that it's always nice and sharp when you do.
A quick wipe over with an oily cloth should do it, each time you put the saw away.
A tenon saw This little fellow is a short handsaw with a strong metal brace along its spine to keep the
blade straight. It's meant for making small, accurate cuts in wood, such as for a mortise and tenon joint. It's
happy to cut with the grain or across the grain of the timber, but if you let it get dirty and blunt then it won't be
very happy no matter what you point it at.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
Название текста – «Инструменты и материалы». Согласно автору, чтобы начать ремонт или строи-
тельство, человеку необходимо иметь под рукой высококачественные материалы и инструменты. Под-
черкивается, что самым универсальным и незаменимым инструментом является дрель. В тексте описы-
ваются виды дрелей, подчеркиваются их преимущества. Например, можно насадить сверло для работы
с деревом, с металлом, а также с кирпичной кладкой. Далее автор описывает уровень, инструмент для
точного измерения горизонтальных и вертикальных величин. В заключение, автор говорит об осторож-
ности в использовании пилы, потому что ее лезвие – достаточно острое. Автор останавливается на раз-
новидностях пилы.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
GEARS
Gears are simple machines that transmit force and motion. Like other machines, most gears make work
easier by increasing the effect of the force applied. Gears have toothed wheels, called cogs that interlock so that
one cog turns another. The cogs are usually of different sizes and are sometimes linked together by а (as is the
case with bicycle gears). A gear's effect depends on the size of the cogs and the number of teeth they have.
Приводы – это простые механизмы, которые передают усилие и движение. Как и другие механиз-
мы, большинство приводов облегчают труд путем повышения эффективности прилагаемого усилия. У
приводов есть зубчатые колеса, называемые шестернями, которые сцепляются так, что одна шестерня
поворачивает другую. Шестерни бывают обычно разных размеров, а иногда соединяются друг с другом
цепью (как в случае с велосипедными приводами). Эффективность работы привода зависит от размера
шестерен и от количества зубьев на них.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
PULLEYS
A pulley is a simple
machine. It decreases the
amount of effort needed to
lift a load. The main part of
the pulley is made up of a
wheel, plus a rope that runs
along a groove in the wheel.
The load is attached to one
end of the rope, and the
(a) чем больше блоков за-
действовано в системе; (b) тре-
буемого для поднятия груза;
(c) поверх которого в канавке
движется веревка; (d) основная
часть блока представляет собой
колесо, (e) тем меньше усилий
затрачивается на передвижение
груза; (f) на одном конце верев-
other end is pulled to move
the load. The more pulleys
that are used in a system,
the less effort is required to
move a load.
ки закрепляется груз; (g) он со-
кращает величину усилия; (h)
блок – это простейший меха-
низм; (i) а за другой конец этот
груз подтягивают.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
MOTORS
Direct current motors operate on the same principle as the direct current generator. Voltage is supplied to
the machine, which sets up a field and also sets up a current in the rotor winding through the commutator. Just
as it required mechanical power to drive the generator winding through the field, so will the machine rotate
when fields and currents bear this same relation. As the rotor tends to react a position where less torque is
produced, the voltage supplying brush will have passed to the next commutator segment, the force will continue
and the machine will rotate.
Направьте текущие двигатели, оперируют тот же самый принцип как прямой текущий генератор.
Напряжение поставляется на машину (механизм), которая настраивает (устанавливает) область (поле) и
также настраивает (устанавливает) поток в проветривании ротора через коммутатор. Также, как требу-
ется механическая власть (мощь) вести (везти) проветривание генератора через область (поле), так бу-
дет машина (механизм) вращаться, когда области (поля) и потоки имеют это то же самое отношение.
Поскольку ротор имеет тенденцию реагировать положение (позиция), где меньше вращающего момента
(крученого браслета) произведено, напряжение, поставляющее (снабжающее) щетку пройдет к следую-
щей доле коммутатора, сила продолжится, и машина (механизм) будет вращаться.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
MOVIE CAMERA
Function Principle of the Focus Adjustment
If you look at an object through a magnifying glass: move it closer or further away from your eye, you
reach a point where the object becomes clearly v Being focused or in focus means that the subject; seen with
optimum clarity and sharpness. The distance between the lens and the point where the rays of come together is
called "focal distance" or 'local 'e and it depends on the size and shape of the lens.
• FOCUS Adjustment in Human Eyes
Human eyes have lenses as well, and when we look at objects at different distances, the shape of these
lenses changes automatically so that we can always see these objects clearly.
• FOCUS Adjustment in the Movie Camera
The image of the subject enters the Movie Garner through the lens and is converted into an electrical signal
(video signal) for recording onto magnetic tape. In the Movie Camera, the "Auto Focus" system automatatically
adjusts the focal distance by moving the focusing e forward or backward.
• The Auto Focus Mechanism of this Me. Camera
In video cameras, one of the following two methods is generally used:
1) Infrared Focusing: The shooting distance is calculated and adjusted based on the time it takes for an infrared
signal emitted from the front of the camera to be bounced off the subject and received back by a sensor
on the camera.
2) Camera-Internal Electronic Focusing: The focus is adjusted based exclusively on the image received by
the camera and the resulting picture signal.
This Movie Camera employs the Internal Electronic Focusing Method.
For the following subjects and shooting s Manual Focus Mode should be used:
• Subjects with Shiny Surfaces or Much Light Reflection
As the Movie Camera adjusts the focus on the objects with shiny surfaces or much light reflection, the
subject may go out of focus.
The subject may be out of focus when it is short at the seaside in the evening, under firework when special
kinds of lights are used.
• Fast-moving Subjects
As the lens is moved mechanically, it cannot follow fast-moving subjects without delay. Subjects like
quickly and abruptly moving children may temporarily go out of focus.
• Subjects with Weak Contrast
As the Movie Camera adjusts the focus based on vertical contours in the picture, subjects with little contrast
may be out of focus. When shooting a flat white wall, for example, the Movie Camera has no information
by which it can adjust the focus correctly.
• Subjects with a Part of It Near the Movie Camera and Another Part Far from it
As the focus is adjusted on the centre part of the image, it is difficult to bring the distant part of the subject
in focus.
When you want to shoot a person with a distant mountain behind, it is not possible to focus on both.
• Subjects Behind Moving Objects
As the focus is adjusted on the person or object that passes between the Movie Camera and the subject may
temporarily go out of focus.
When shooting a subject across a street on which cars are running, the subject may go in and out of focus.
• Subjects with Dark Surfaces
If the amount of light entering through the lens is greatly reduced, the Movie Camera has very little information
by which to adjust the focus.
When shooting persons in dark surroundings, precise focusing may not be possible.
Precise focusing may also not be possible for subjects that have no vertical contours or are behind glass
covered with dirt, dust or water drops.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
3CCD CAMERA SYSTEM
Reproduces color in great fidelity, with a separate CCD for reds, greens and blues. It's the same technology
used in Panasonic professional broadcast equipment, resulting in 540 lines of breathtaking resolution.
3.0 Megapixel Still Picture Technology
This feature combines three CCDs, each with 800,000 pixels with our Quad-Density Pixel Distribution
Technology to deliver true,
3-megapixel still images.
Mega Optical Image Stabilizer
Virtually eliminates jitter from unintentional hand movement while taking vibration-sensitive still images.
This technology has been dramatically improved since last year's model to further help prevent even the slightest
shake. Built-in to control this feature, which automatically pops up when insufficient lighting is detected.
MagicWire Remote Control
This remote makes it incredibly easy for you to capture low-angle shots, high-angle shots – or even fixedposition
tripod shots. And it's also perfect for left-handed users. The MagicWire contains all key features (Record,
Zoom, PhotoShot, and it even lets you create live video commentary with a built-in Narration Mic.
Auto Pop-up Flash
You can choose from three different flash settings (Forced Flash, No Flash, Automatic).
SD Voice Recorder
Select camcorders not only let you shoot high-quality digital video and stills, but they also give you the
ability to record conversations or personal messages. Just record with the high-performance, built-in microphone,
and then save them to an SD Memory Card.
3-Way PC Link
Almost all Panasonic Digital Palmcorder® MultiCam™ Camcorders give you three simple ways to transfer
images to a PC:
L E S S O N 17
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
TOOLS AND MATERIALS (II)
A chisel. The chisel did not become obsolete soon after they finished building the Ark. It is still an invaluable
tool for timber craftsmen everywhere, and that includes you If you're going to attempt anything like a mortise and
tenon joint in your carpentry, then you'll need a nice sharp chisel to complete the task. And I do mean sharp: blunt
chisels are worse than useless. It's probably best to buy them in a small set of three or four chisels to make sure you
have the right size for the right job.
A bradawl. One tiny tool, a thousand different uses. A bradawl is not what you'd describe as being at the
'high-tech' end of the tool market – it's really just a little spike with a handle. However, you'll be amazed at how
useful that can be. A bradawl is great for marking screw points in wood, and will even make a little pilot hole for
you (see Fixings, opposite) if you're putting small screws into softwood. A bradawl will also come in handy to
scratch marks across wood where you're going to saw, especially when you've lost your third pencil that day.
Cramps. Now there are some who believe that if God had meant us to indulge in DIY he would have given
us more hands, but I think the creation of the cramp was his way of apologizing. Cramps are just handtightened
devices for holding things firm on a temporary basis. They are dead useful for gripping wood while it
glues, or just holding a brace to a post while you get it upright. There are now some really nifty 'quick-grip' versions
on the market that you can practically operate single-handed.
Mole grips. Not a method of pest control but more of a cross between large pliers and a small cramp. Mole
grips can be adjusted to grasp any object from a tiny nailhead to a large nut, right up to a couple of wooden battens,
and will then lock into place for as long as you need to hold on Combined with an adjustable spanner, they
make a pretty useful team around the garden.
Electric sanders. If you want to finish off woodwork properly, for painting, or varnishing, or just for walking
over, then there's no substitute for some vigorous and protracted sanding Now unless the wood you're working
on is no bigger than a shoebox, you will quickly discover that sanding by hand is one of the most tedious
and exhausting hobbies known to man. If there's a lot of surface to be smoothed then get yourself an electric
sander and a selection of sandpaper grades to use with it. Sandpaper comes in all guises from very coarse to
very fine.
The rough stuff is for getting through the wood quickly while the smoother grades are for fine finishing
work.
If you're looking to take off a significant amount of wood from the timber in question then you might want
to consider an electric planer instead. This uses a spinning blade rather than paper, but it can dig down surprisingly
quickly so be careful how long you use it for -and don't even bother plugging it in unless you're pretty
confident with power tools already.
Powersaws. Jigsaws are very popular and very useful in fee garden – there are even some cordless versions
starting to appear now. However, as with drills, you need to be sure you have selected the right fitting for the
material you're working with, There are jigsaw blades for hardwood, softwood, metal and even ceramics. It's all
written on the packet when you buy them, but once you've lost that packet and have nothing but a writhing
mass of unmarked blades in the bottom of your toolbox the best tip to remember is: 'The bigger the teeth on the
blade, the softer the material it is intended for.
If you're planning to do some major cutting work, building a large deck for instance, you might want to
look at an electric circular saw. Unlike the jigsaw, a circular saw will only make straight cuts through wood, but
it will do so like the proverbial knife through butter. Again, the blades are interchangeable, so make sure you
have the right one fitted for the material you're cutting. For my money, though, you're probably still better off,
and certainly a lot safer, with a good old handsaw instead.
Bricklayer's trowel. An invaluable tool, the bricklayer's trowel can scoop, level and even cut bricks in
half. A proper bricklayer's trowel is an elongated diamond shape with one edge straight and the other slightly
curved. The ones you'll find in the DIY shop are more likely to be straight on both sides, but are perfectly good
enough for all the jobs in this book. The sharp end of the trowel is used for pointing between bricks, once
they've been laid.
Fixings. There's a dizzying selection of nails and screws on the shelves of every DIY shed. Ignore them.
All you need is a load of dry lining screws, in various sizes, and you're ready for anything this book has to
throw at you. These screws are actually meant for putting up plasterboard inside the house, but they will cope
with all manner of more exciting projects than that. They are cross-head, so make sure you have suitable screwdrivers
to fit, and the right attachments for your cordless drill/driver.
The trick to putting screws into wood so that they go exactly where you want them, is to drill little pilot
holes first. The pilot hole will give the screw an easy start into the wood and then ensure that it continues its
journey in exactly the direction you want. As for nails, I'd avoid using them wherever you can – they can't
touch screws for strength and durability. But if you're intent on hammering down your deck then get hold of
'ring nails', which have little ridges all the way down to stop them coming out once they're in.
Garden tools. You may well have all the forks and shovels you need around the garden, but if you're looking
to get some new ones then remember this book is for people who want to do some proper building work,
not a quiet afternoon's weeding. Get yourself some tools that are up to the task and make sure you have a nice
broad shovel for loading sand and the like in and out of wheelbarrows.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
В тексте речь идет о разнообразных инструментах и даются советы об их применении. Согласно ав-
тору, достаточно распространенным является долото, который используется для работы по дереву. Ско-
бы незаменимы в процессе склеивания двух основ. Разновидностью зажимов являются тиски. Подчер-
кивается, что этот инструмент обладает свойствами, как клещей, так и зажимов. Чтобы закончить рабо-
ту по дереву, необходимо отполировать предмет с помощью шлифовального станка. Далее автор сооб-
щает о применении электрической пилы в садоводстве и приводит детали ее использования. Упомина-
ется инструмент мастерок, имеющий необычную форму.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
LEVERS
Levers are simple machines
that help us achieve
tasks with less effort. They
consist of a rod or a bar that
turns around a point called a
pivot. There are three classes
of lever, with different arrangements
of load, effort, and
pivot. A crowbar that is used
to lift something heavy is an
example of a simple lever
working on its own. But a
lever may form part of a larger
machine or system. If the effort
is applied farther away
from the pivot than from the
load, it is magnified, or increased.
Рычаги – это простей-
шие механизмы, которые
помогают выполнять задачи
с меньшей затратой сил.
Они состоят из стержня или
рейки, которая движется во-
круг одной точки, называе-
мой точкой опоры. Сущест-
вует три класса рычагов с
разными местами приложе-
ния нагрузки, воздействия и
точки опоры. Лом, которым
пользуются для поднятия
чего-нибудь тяжелого, явля-
ется простейшим рычагом,
работающим самостоятель-
но. Но рычаг может быть
частью большого механизма
или системы. Если воздей-
ствие прилагается на боль-
шем расстоянии от точки
опоры, чем груз, оно увели-
чивается или возрастает.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
WHEEL AND AXLES
A Wheel and Axle
form a simple machine.
The wheel is fixed to the
axle (central shaft) and
together they transmit and
increase force. A small
turning force is applied to
the wheel, producing an
increased force on the
axle. In this way, heavy
loads can be moved with
less effort. This principle
is used in steering wheels.
(a) и они вместе передают и
увеличивают усилие; (b) этот
принцип использован в рулевых
колесах; (c) колесо закрепляется
на оси (центральный вал); (d) к
колесу прилагается небольшое
крутящее усилие; (e) колесо и ось
представляют собой простой ме-
ханизм; (f) а на оси возникает
большее усилие; (g) таким обра-
зом; (h) затрачивая меньше уси-
лий; (i) можно перевозить тяже-
лые грузы.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
MEN AND MACHINES
People make use of machines in all their activities. Most of these machines are of recent origin. Some of
them, however date back to the vary ancient times. Automobiles, tractors, trains, planes and rockets appeared not
so long ago. To design these machines, engineers must not only know how to determine the stresses and deformations
in machines and structures under a variety of possible loadings, conditions. They should also know how well
the selected material is to resist loads.
It is very important to find suitable engineering material for every part of a machine or structure. That is
why great attention is paid to the science of engineering materials. Our scientists have developed many alloys
having greater resistance to various loading conditions. In recent years many non-metallic materials have been
widely used in engineering.
Люди используют машины (механизмы) во всех их действиях. Большинство этих машин (механиз-
мов) имеет недавнее происхождение. Некоторые из них, однако дата назад к измененным древним вре-
менам. Автомобили, тракторы, поезда, самолеты и ракеты появились не так давно. Чтобы проектиро-
вать эти машины (механизмы), инженеры не должны только знать, как определить напряжения и де-
формации в машинах (механизмах) и структурах под разнообразием возможных погрузок, условий (со-
стояний). Они должны также знать, как хорошо отобранный материал должен сопротивляться грузам.
Очень важно найти подходящий технический материал для каждой части машины (механизма) или
структуры. Именно поэтому большое внимание платится к науке технических материалов. Наши уче-
ные развили много сплавов, имеющих большее сопротивление различным условиям (состояниям) по-
грузки.
В последние годы много неметаллических материалов широко использовались в разработке.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
DVD PLAYER/VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER
Troubleshooting
Check the following guide for the possible cause of a problem before contacting service.
Symptom Cause Correction
The power
is on, but
the DVD
player
does not
work.
• No disc is inserted. • Insert a disc. (Check
that the DVD or, audio CD
indicator in the display
window is lit.)
No picture.
• The TV is not set to
receive DVD signal
output.
• Select the appropriate
video input mode on the
TV so the picture from the
DVD player appears on
the TV screen.
• The video cable is not
connected securely.
• Connect the video cable
into the jacks securely.
Окончание табл.
Symptom Cause Correction
• The equipment
connected with the audio
cable is not set to
receive DVD signal
output.
• Select the correct input
mode of the audio receiver
so you can listen to the
sound from the DVD
player.
• The audio cables are
not connected securely.
• Connect the audio cable
into the jacks securely.
• The power of the
equipment connected
with the audio cable is
turned off.
• Turn on the equipment
connected with the audio
cable.
No sound.
• The Digital Audio
Output is set to the
wrong
position.
• Set the Digital Audio
Output to the correct position,
then turn on the DVD
player again by pressing
POWER.
The picture
is
poor.
• The disc is dirty.
• The TV channels are
not tuned in properly.
• Clean the disc.
• Check tuning, carry out
tuning again.
• An unplayable disc is
inserted.
• Insert a playable disc.
(Check the disc type and
Regional code.)
• The disc is placed
upside down.
• Place the disc with the
playback side down.
• The disc is not placed
within the guide.
• Place the disc on the disc
tray correct. inside the
guide.
• The disc is dirty. • Clean the disc.
The DVD
player
does
not start
playback.
• The Rating level is
set.
• Cancel the Rating function
or change the rating
level.
• There is an obstacle in
the path of the remote
control and this unit.
The re- • Remove the obstacle.
mote control
does
not work
properly.
• The batteries in the
remote control are
exhausted.
• Replace the batteries
with new ones.
Video tape
cannot be
inserted.
• Is the cassette
compartment empty?
• Eject the tape in.
No Hi-Fi
sound
• Audio mode is not set
properly.
• Select "STEREO" by
repeatedly press "AUDIO"
on the remote control.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
CD PLAYER
The innovative iMP-50 comes stacked to the gills with features like broad format compatibility, prebuffering
anti-skip protection, firmware upgrade ability, a graphic LCD with multi-language display, and
packet-write format readability so the player can double as a hard-drive extension (using data CD-RWs).
The player supports music CDs, home-made CD-R and CD-RW with MP3, WMA (Windows Media Audio),
multi-session discs (discs burned at different points over time), and Microsoft's Advanced Systems Format
(ASF). New formats such as AAC, MP3 Pro, and so on can be supported in the future through a simple firmware
upgrade. The iMP-50 also supports Winamp playlists as long as they use the file extension m3u (maximum
20 lists).
The player gives you a healthy four minutes anti-skip protection for MP3 and WMA files. By applying
iRiver's own special algorithm, the iMP-50 provides better performance against shock than standard anti-skip
algorithms. At the same time, iRiver maximizes protection at the beginning of songs through pre-buffering.
The iMP-50's graphic LCD that supports multiple languages, including English, French, Spanish, German,
Italian, other alphabet-oriented fonts, Korean, Japanese (Katakana, Hiragana, and Kanji), and others. It supports
a total of 36 languages.
With MP3 and WMA files, the iMP-50 can play for 16 hours on two AA alkaline batteries (supplied) or
seven hours with audio CD playback. Additional formats such as AAC, MP3 Pro, and so on may be supported
in the future through a simple firmware upgrade.
Eight equalizer presets, a custom EQ mode, and separate electronic bass and treble controls are all at your
disposal when it comes to tailoring the sound to your taste or compensating for speakers, headphones, or listening
environment. A hold switch prevents unintended interruptions in playback and saves batteries by negating
playback when the player is stopped. Other features include repeat and shuffle play, resume, bookmarking,
sound fade in, intro scan, and track programming.
L E S S O N 18
I. Translate the following text into Russian.
POWER AND SAFETY
You don't have two arms, two legs and two eyes so that it doesn't matter so much when you lose one.
Safety in the garden is pretty much common sense, but unfortunately none of the tools you're using will have
any at all Every tool that can do you any serious damage will have information on how to use it correctly and
safely. Read these instructions before you use the tool, not after and definitely not during. If the manufacturer
recommends wearing safety equipment of any kind, that is probably because someone has already done something
stupid and brought the potential danger to everyone's attention.
If you're using any tool that is going to start sending material flying through the air, then get some goggles
over your eyes. Only Superman moves faster than a speeding bullet, and even he never messes with circular
saws, masonry drills and the like
Tools that are sharp are made that way so that they will cut into anything and everything they come in contact
with – make sure that isn't you. Ironically, sharp tools are probably more dangerous when you let them get
blunt; it's then that they will tend to slip and seek out your unsuspecting fingers.
Corded power tools have a large whack of electricity running up the cable towards them. If you cut through
that cable there is every chance you will become part of the ring main in your house. Whenever you use power
tools outside, always make sure they are connected to the mains by what's called a residual current device
(RCD): this little box will shut down the power as soon as it detects any disruption in the current, like you cutting
through the cable with your jigsaw.
If you plan to have power out in the garden permanently, for exterior sockets perhaps or outdoor lighting,
you must either get a qualified contractor to install a 240v system buried in proper protective conduits with
weatherproof socket and switches, or just use one of the low-voltage lighting kits that are now available in
every garden centre and DIY shed.
Finally, by far the most dangerous item you will ever see loose in your garden is called a child. These small
creatures are programmed from birth to seek out sharp objects and high places. What they can't put their fingers
into they will try to put in their mouths and, when they can't do that, they will try to crawl under it or jump of it.
Be warned, they have the agility and curiosity of small apes, combined with all the common sense of a particularly
stupid lemming. On no account should you allow one of these creatures to wander unsupervised around
your working environment, especially when ‘clearing up your tools neatly' is not your strong suit. By all means
get them involved in the process, but make sure it's with something that won’t harm them.
II. Translate the summary of the text into English.
В статье затрагиваются проблемы безопасности при пользовании различными инструментами. Под-
черкивается необходимость внимательного изучения инструкций перед использованием инструментов.
Согласно статье, ни один инструмент не является безопасным. С острыми инструментами необходимо
обращаться более осторожно, так как они наиболее опасны. Через провода проходит электричество.
Обычно провод подключен к кабелю. Поэтому перед тем как начать работать с проводами, необходимо
обесточить кабель. Автор предупреждает о том, что нельзя допускать детей к своим инструментам – это
основное правило вашей безопасности.
III. Compare the original and the translation. Which techniques have been used in the translation ?
SIMPLE MACHINES
A simple machine is something that reduces the effort needed to do work. Machines come in all shapes and
sizes and can be very basic; a bottle opener, a screw, and even your skeleton, work as machines. They magnify
the effort that we apply to a task and enable us to do many things that our muscular strength alone could not
manage. The amount of effort saved by using a machine is known as its mechanical advantage. The greater the
mechanical advantage of a machine, the less effort is required relative to the load.
Простейший механизм – это нечто такое, что сокращает затраты усилия, необходимого для выпол-
нения работы. Механизмы бывают любых форм и размеров, а могут быть и очень простые: открывалка
для бутылок, винт и даже ваш скелет действуют как механизмы. Они увеличивают воздействие, которое
мы применяем для выполнения какой-нибудь задачи.
IV. Rearrange the segments of the translation in the right order.
SCREWS
Оbjects are sometimes
held together by screws. Very
large screws can also be used
as simple machines, such as
flower or apple presses. A
screw consists of a spiral
groove called a screw thread
that circles a simple shaft. The
distance between each thread
is called the screw's pitch. One
complete turn of the screw
(a) и в качестве простых
механизмов; (b) называемую
резьбой; (c) винты можно
ввинчивать в твердые мате-
риалы; (d) таких как прессы
для выжимания цветочного
или яблочного сока; (e)
предметы иногда соединя-
ются винтами; (f) винт име-
ет на себе спиральную ка-
навку; (g) которая оборачи-
moves it the distance of one
pitch, which is a smaller distance
than it is turned. It
moves forward, therefore, with
a much greater force than the
turning force. That is why
screws can bore into hard materials.
вается вокруг простого
стержня; (h) расстояние ме-
жду витками резьбы; (i)
очень крупные винты могут
использоваться;
(j) что меньше расстояния
полного оборота винта; (k)
поэтому винт продвигается
вперед со значительно
большей силой;
(l) называется шагом винта;
(m) чем сила, требуемая для
прокручивания; (n) вот по-
чему; (o) один полный обо-
рот винта продвигает его на
расстояние шага резьбы.
V. Edit the machine translation of the text.
THE CARE OF BATTERIES
There are two other precautions, which should be observed in the care of batteries. First, the top of the battery
must be kept clean and the terminals should be greased lightly. As the acid is extremely corrosive it will
damage metal parts quickly and will cause burns on hands and clothing. Wool is not rapidly attacked by the
acid so battery handlers often wear woolen clothing. The second precaution is to fill the battery up to the proper
point with pure distilled water only. If tap water is used the battery will fail prematurely. In the aircraft nonspillable
batteries the level in the cells should be up to the bottom of the filler neck and no higher. In all batteries
the water level should cover the plates and will usually be about a quarter to a half inch over the plates.
Есть две других предосторожности, которые должны быть соблюдены на попечении батарей. Сна-
чала, вершина батареи должна быть сохранена чистой, и терминалы должны быть смазаны жиром слег-
ка. Поскольку кислота является чрезвычайно коррозийной, это повредит металлические части быстро и
причинит ожоги на руках и одежде. Шерсть быстро не атакована кислотой, так что тренеры батареи
часто носят шерстяную одежду. Вторая предосторожность должна заполнить батарею до надлежащего
пункта (точки) с чистой дистиллированной водой только. Если вода из-под крана используется, батарея
будет терпеть неудачу преждевременно. В самолете non-spillable батареи уровень в ячейках должен
быть до основания шеи наполнителя и не выше. Во всех батареях водный уровень должен закрыть (ох-
ватить) пластины и обычно будет о четверти (квартале) к половине дюйма по пластинам.
VI. Translate the operator’s manual.
THE CAMERA
Lens cover/shutter lock
A sliding lens cover protects the lens and locks the shutter to prevent accidental exposure.
To open the lens cover, slide the lens cover latch located beneath the lens to the right (toward the electronic
flash). Close the cover fully when you are not using the camera to protect the lens from dirt, scratches and fingerprints
and to shut off camera power to avoid draining the batteries.
Installing the batteries
The Polaroid 35 mm AutoFocus camera uses two 1.5 volt AAA alkaline batteries that power the motorized
functions and the electronic flash. When the recharge time is longer than 20 seconds or if the motor drive fails
to advance the film, replace the batteries. Always remove the batteries when storing your camera for any length
of time to prevent battery corrosion or leakage that can lead to camera damage.
To install the batteries
1. Pull open the notched area in the center of the battery compartment door on the left side of the camera.
2. Insert the batteries as shown on the inside of the compartment. Close the door until it locks into place.
Loading the film
Avoid direct sunlight or bright light when loading film.
1. Open the film compartment by pushing up on the film compartment door latch. The door will pop open.
2. Insert a roll of 35 mm film into the film compartment.
3. Pull the film strip to the white line in the well of the film take-up spool . Position the film between the
two white guide marks. Make sure the film lies evenly between the guide rails and that the sprocket holes are
engaged on the sprockets. Press down on the film canister to lock it in place. Close the film compartment door
securely.
4. Press the shutter button a few times (usually 3) until the film advances to the first picture. (The lens
cover must be open.) The picture counter (located on top of the camera next to the shutter button) will show the
number 1 when the camera is ready to take pictures. If it does not, repeat step 3.
Note: The picture counter will indicate the number of pictures used. The picture counter will not work if
the film is loaded incorrectly.
Using the flash
The Polaroid 35mm AutoFocus camera has a built-in automatic flash that will fire when the green flashready
light is on and the shutter button is pressed. If the red flash-charging light is on, the shutter button can be
pressed but there may not be enough light for a well-exposed picture. Wait for the green flash-ready light before
taking pictures.
If you are outdoors in sunlight, you may wish to use the fill-flash feature that will fill in shadows on your
subject taken outdoors in bright sun.
1. Lightly press and release the shutter button to charge the green flash-ready light.
2. Press and hold the fill-flash button (upper left on top of camera).
3. Press the shutter button to take the picture.
Note: The flash-ready light next to the viewfinder has been designed to shut off after about a minute if not
used. To re-activate the flash, depress the shutter button lightly and release.
Flash tips
For proper flash exposure, position your subject at the following distances from the camera:
1,2–3 m (using 100 speed film) 1,2–3,6 m (using 200 speed film) 1,2–4,2 m (using 400 speed film) If taking
vertical pictures, be sure the flash is at the top. Wait a few seconds after the flash-ready light comes on before
taking a picture in poorly lit areas to insure maximum flash brightness.
Using the red-eye reduction feature
The camera's automatic redeye reduction feature helps to eliminate the red pupils in pictures of people or
pets. To eliminate this effect, you can:
1. Have your subjects look toward a bright light just before you take their picture.
2. Turn on additional lights in the room.
3. Press the shutter button halfway to turn on the red-eye reduction light on the front of the camera. This
will cause the subject's pupils to become smaller, thus reducing the red-eye effect. For best results, hold the button
halfway down for about half a second and then continue to press down to take the picture
Taking the picture
Open the lens cover. The shutter button will be locked until the lens cover is completely open.
1. Hold the camera firmly and do not block the lens or flash with your fingers.
2. Look through the viewfinder and frame your subject. Make sure your subject is at least 1,2 m from the
camera.
3. Depress the shutter button halfway (then release) to turn on the camera power. The red flash-charging
light will illuminate. Wait until the green flash-ready light is on before taking a picture.
I Gently press the shutter button completely. The film will advance automatically when the shutter button
is released.
Unloading the film
Avoid direct sunlight or bright light when unloading film.
When the last picture on the roll has been taken, the film will stop advancing. The film is at the end of the
roll when the shutter does not click and the film does not advance in the picture counter. Rewind the film before
opening the film compartment to remove the film. Film will be light-struck if removed before rewinding.
1. Slide the manual film rewind switch on the bottom of the camera in the direction of the arrows.
The motor noise will stop when the film is fully rewound (approx. 30 seconds).
2. Open the film compartment door and remove the film for processing.
Using the date display
The date display buttons on the control panel allow you the option to imprint a date and/or time in the
lower right-hand corner of your photographs. The date display buttons are used to set the display to U.S., European
or Japanese date mode, day/time mode or off mode.
Camera repair
If you think your camera needs repair, please call the nearest Polaroid office.
Troubleshooting
Important: If you have difficulty using your camera, review the instructions carefully. Never use force.
Symptom
Cause Remedy
Foggy,
misty
Camera lens
dirty.
Breathe on the lens and wipe
gently with a clean, soft facial
pictures tissue.
Subject
partially
cut off
Improper
framing of
subject in
viewfinder.
Look through the view-finder
while holding the camera as
close to your eye as possible.
Frame your subject on all sides
in the viewfinder.
Blurry
pictures
Flash did not
fire.
Subject too
close to camera.
Camera or
subject motion.
Change camera batteries, wait
for flash-ready light.
Subject must be at least 1,2 m
away.
Keep camera/subject still.
Background
too dark
Background
too far from
subject.
Outdoors at
night.
Place subject near a brightly colored
background.
Stay within recommended flash
range.
Daylight
pictures
too dark
Light level of
scene too low.
Wait for flash-ready light.
Check subject distance recommendations.
VII. Translate the following specification into Russian.
KODAK EASYSHARE 4MP DIGITAL CAMERAL
Vibrant, colorful, high resolution still pictures are yours with the Kodak 4MP Digital Camera. You can
even shoot video with this lightweight, versatile camera. And Kodak's EasyShare system makes it easy to print
or e-mail your photos for everyone with the included software!
Model #: CX7430
Product Features:
Resolution:
4 Mega Pixels.
Zoom:
3X optical and 4X digital zoom.
Display:
1.6" color TFT display.
Memory:
16MB internal memory with MMC/SD expansion slot.
Dimensions:
Measures approx. 4"L × 2-1/2"W × 1-1/2"H.
Additional features & specifications:
• 4MP resolution – get vibrant prints up to 20" × 30".
• 3X optical/4X digital zoom – multi-zone auto focus and powerful zoom deliver remarkably crisp and
brilliant pictures.
• 1.6" color LCD display – preview and review your photos in an instant.
• Kodak Color Science – consistently great pictures with true-to-life color.
• Kodak Retinar Aspheric All-Glass lens – captures your subject in crisp detail.
• On-camera share button – exclusive on-camera button, lets you tag favorite pictures to print or e-mail.
• Kodak EasyShare system – works seamlessly with EasyShare camera dock (not included) for onebutton
transferring and sharing.
• Multiple scene modes – choose from automatic, night, landscape, close-up, burst, portrait or sport.
• Color modes – bring out your creativity with color, sepia or black and white.
• Continuous video and audio capture – up to 80 minutes depending on the size of your memory card, at
13 frames-per-second.
• Built-in flash – auto, red-eye, fill or off, for the right light every time.
• Quick review – show multiple pictures at the same time on the display to compare shots. Fast scroll to
edit, tag or delete pictures quickly.
• 10-second self-timer – lets you get in the picture, too.
• $25 coupon from Ofoto.com for prints, calendars and more.
• Comes with a manufacturer's 1 year limited warranty.
For warranty information, please call 1.800.933.2887.
Accessories include:
• 2 AA batteries
• USB cable
• Wrist strap
• Kodak EasyShare software CD with interactive software tutorial.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1 Агабекян И.П. Английский для технических вузов: Основы научно-технического перевода. Во-
просы теории. М.: ВЦП, 1989. 128 с.
2 Андрианова Л.Н. Английский язык: Учебник для заочных технических вузов. М.: Высшая шко-
ла, 1998.
3 Докштейн С.Я., Макарова Е.А., Радоминова С.С. Практический курс перевода научно-
технической литературы. М.: Воениздат, 1973. 448 с.
4 Комиссаров В.Н. Теория перевода. М.: Высшая школа, 1990. 253 с.
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