Программа элективного курса Мой край у Байкала
МБОУ «Байкало – Кударинская СОШ »
Т.Я.Доржиева
Мой край у Байкала
Английский язык для гидов.
Элективный курс.
2014
Тематическое планирование
№ Темы курса. Кол-во часов. Формы организации деятельности.
1. История Байкало - Кудары:
Факты из истории села.
Кударинская церковь Благовещенья.
Кудара партизанская.
В военную годину.
Культурная жизнь села.
Кударинские рыболовы.
Охотничье хозяйство. 18ч .Беседа, обсуждение.
Видеозанятия. Проекты.
Защита рефератов.
2. Селенга-наследие древней земли. 6ч. Видеозанятия. Обсуждение.
Защита рефератов.
3. Флора и фауна родного края.
Байкальский биосферный заповедник.
Кабанский заказник. 10ч. Видеозанятия. Работа с лексикой. Защита рефератов. Дискуссия по экологическим проблемам.
«And the smoke of the native land is sweet and pleasant to us .»
A S. Griboedov.This history is interesting and instructive,it is worth knowing by all generations of Kudara. Kudara appeared in the steppe, rich pasture land, surrounded by the wood and the water, near the buriat migration.lt happened on the border of XVII-XVIII centuries.
Kudara grew and formed as a peaceful and free settlement of russian.peasants, close on its position to the cossack class. Kudarintsielected officers and heads of two rural areas, on which was divided the population,they solved the sizes of the taxes and obligations, section of the farmland and meadow, contents of the church prichta. Today these democratic forms of the home rule, regrettably, are lost for kudarintsi, forgotten at time.
Kudara servedas administrative, economic and religious-cultural centre of the steppe edge, was shown its unacknowledged "capital". In 1944-62 Baikalo-Kudarawas thecentre of the region. Kudara is one of the most beautiful villages of West Zabaikalye. It stretched along slowly running river Harauz, emerald-green coast of which adds to the village a nice view in summer. On its geographical position Kudara is "put" in the shift to the right bend of the delta of the Selenga , the main tributary of the Baikal from which the village is on 18 kilometers .
In summer people could come from Kabansk only by ferry. In winter they came across the iced Selenga. Nowadays the population of Kudara is about 2500 people.
The Natural particularities of Baikalo-Kudara define economic occupations of its inhabitants. The Kudarintsi are hereditary farmers, fishmen, hunters. There is a beautiful school in the centre of the village, the hospital, the Childrenꞌs House of creative activity, Blagoveschenskaya church, the main architectural sight . It is the visiting card of Baikalo- Kudara.
Troitsko- Selenginski MONASTERY.The first written certificates about Kudarinski steppe were left by the cossack ataman Vasily Kolesnikov in 1645 and the Moscow ambassador Nikolai Spafari .
The history did not give us the exact date of the foundation of Kudara. However it is known that the settlement was built from two parties, first, by free-spontaneous national settlement and secondly, at direct participation of attendants of Troitsko-Selenginski monastery, its monks. In 1701 the monastery received ancestral lands called
«Kudarinski palace» ,in sense of a small economic institution. In the middle of XVIII century monastic people processed up 30 miles of Kudarinski lands, collected up thousand pounds of grain,they had more than 400 horses and large horned livestock, hundred sheep, goats . In a palace there were apartment houses, grain drying houses, barns, shelters for cattle, a mill.
Kudara was built quickly, in 1740 there were 85 court yards, while in Tvorogovo only 25 and even in Kabansk67 court yards. Names of kudarinski inhabitants were found in various inventories of National archive of the Republic of Buryatia..They are mentioned Naum Metelyov, Frol Dubin, Gavrila Yevseyev, Nazar Sofronov, Maxim Kostin, , Fyodor Sokovikov, Andrey Starkov, Ivan Oskolkov, and others.
Monasteries of TransbaikalyeTroitsko- Selenginsi and Ambassadorial, as well as other monasteries of Russia, had carried out the important state problem on settling of deserted and semidesertic surburbs of the country. The history of Kudara is the acknowledgement to it.
KUDARA GUERRILLA.In the history of agricultural Kudara there was one military page .It is the period of the Civil war of 1918-1920. These rough years the Japanese, theAmericans came to the Western Transbaikalye, the ataman Semyonov was put forward, the rests of armies of admiral Kolchak went away to the east along the ice of the Baikal.
Kudara directly was not a place of fights and the armed struggle, but it hadincured a role of military jumping-off place for accumulation of guerrilla forces, consolidations of the insurgent movement in the area Ust-Selenginsk . It became possible on two circumstances: first, in Kudara the Selenga was cut off by the water barrier and the Baikal, the favorable opportunity to conduct underground activity was created, to accumulate forces and secondly in Kudara a number of known local figures as A.Plis, I.Bobrov, left the reference, aimed on revolutionary activity . They had adjoinedthe kudarintsi I.A. Baldakov, V.F. Petchkin, A. Nelyubin, A.Ljubimskiand others. They made a vigorous kernel of kudarinski undergrounds and incured the management of the resistance. In summer of 1919 it was not allowed Japanese retaliatory to untie bloodshed in Kudara.
MILITARY YEARS. Kudara was a deep rear. On June 30 1941 people of Kudara adopted the mobilisation plan. According to it collective farms and institutions increased the personnel, changed their management, prepared the transport, the special forage fund, increased the exaction to vigilance, discipline, guard objects, agitation work. The Kudarintsi toiled selflessly during the war.ln 1943 they delivered over the plan 10250 poods of grain, 10080 poods of meat, put into the "fund of the defence" 2390 thousand roubles, caught over 24515 centners of fish. It was more than in 1940. The region prepared for the army 605 sharpshooters, 120 tank fighters , helped families, children of front-line soldiers with the food , cloth, fuel, money.
392 inhabitants of Baikalo-Kudara went to the front, from which 187 mengave their own lives in the war, their surnames wereinscribed on the rural "Obelisk to memories". In Republican "Memory Book" the names of 208 kudarinski soldiers were perpetuated, 135 participants of military actions were awarded by different orders and medals of the USSR for their own military feats.
The Memory about the participation of kudarinski people in the war is keptby new generations of fellow- countrymen.
THE CULTURAL LIFE. The Cultural ambience of kudarinski rural society had been formed during the ages. People are typical old-timesiberians with absolutely correct russian speech. Undoubtedly, significant influence upon the cultural, educational condition of the population of Kudara, particularly in early times, was rendered by the church, religious belief.
XX th century brought new state forms of the cultural influence ,"a reading room" was opened, in 1923 plays and shows were put, people were given books and newspapers.
However in these conditions the kudarintsi did not forget the customs and the rites of their fathers and grandparents.
The observable trace in spiritual life had left "University of the culture", "Days of the culture", "Days of the economy and the culture" with varied aesthetic and educational programs. They were held by spetialists of the district division of the culture, club, intellectuals of the village.
Such cultural-artistic motion helped to form the aesthetic taste, introduced with music and scenic culture, involved in artistic creative activity gifted and talented young people such as Perfilyev Mihail Savelievich, Paderina Antonina Zinoveevna who remoted its noble shower wit and talent to deal the education of the youth.
The time brings the new forms in the cultural reality ,the television entered the life , the other mass media .Simultaneously, rural reality faces with different problems, existing in the russian society, regrettably, they do not avoid the life of the people of Kudara.
HUNTING FARM. Vicinities of Baikalo-Kudara aге famous for its natural and hunting estates, especially the delta of the Selenga and its uncountable channels, islands, lakes . In 1928 the muskrat half-water mammal, the native land of whichis Northern America, was populated. It is small, its body reaches 35 centimeters and it is appreciated for the strong and elegant fur. The muskrat became the main object of hunting.
In 1941 in Kudara the first hunting facilities were set up. In 1947 the State Hunting Farming was created under the guindance of G.Baluev . In 1953 the record number of skins of the muskrat (73 thousand )was extracted. Names of such hunters as N.I.SoboIev, S.G.KIyucheryov, G.Novikov, D.G.Permyakov, I.J.Lyskovtsev, M.A.PIyusnina are widely known. Later Kudarinski State Hunting Farming as a branch entered the structure of «Kabansk co-operative farming» and reached the best results of the USSR in this branch. It was the participant of « All-Union exhibition of achievements of national economy of the USSR ».The big contribution to successful work of SHF was brought by its leaders I.M.Kapustin, V.D.IIyunov, P.Serih.
In 1990th years in Baikalo-Kudara the hunting farming « New Promoy» was set up. It was engaged in modern kinds of business : sports hunting, including foreign. Last yearsextraction of the muskrat made 10 -12 thousand spieces, 50-60 sables.
The mouth of the Selenga is a place of the mass haven of birds , the most beautiful essences in the world. Here there is the Ornithological reserve where migratory ways of 140 kinds of feathery are crossed, near by 100 from them remain on selenginskinestings. Many of local birds are inscribed in
The « The Red Book » of Buryatia and Russia.
SCHOOL IN THE LIFE OF KUDARA.The school was opened in May 1851 as оnе-class church-prikhodskischool and it was one of the oldest schools in Buryatia. Dmitry Pavlovich Davidovwasthe author of the remarkable song «The nice sea, sacred Baikal». In 1860 the second school was openedin Kudara.
The school had been acceptedwith the state financing. In the beginning of XX th century at school worked such teachers as JA. JA. Pospelov, E.A.Reshchikova, E.LZhukov, l.V.Shtistova. K.I.Gurjev. The salary in 1910 was 45-50 roubles and allowed the teachers to live, eat and dress.
In 1917-1920 the school had been renewed by the efforts of kudarinskienthusiasts in 1923. The school entered the new period of the history - Soviet. In the country the general elementary education included four classes. The school became unique in the all right bank of the Selenga. In the end of 1927-28 178 pupils finished the school.
The school quickly grew and in 1934 became seven-years school, soon the secondary school.
Today the school is in a modern fine typical building,it was built in 1988 thanks to V.M.Pukhovskoy, the graduate of 1950th years. Its classrooms are equipped with computers, new furniture. In the library there are fundamental rare books , the encyclopedias presented by the deputy of State Duma V f. Kuznetsov.
The result of the work of the school is its graduates, yesterday's pupils.For these years 35 pupils became the medallists, the first among them were A.Rumyantsev, nowadays the well–known poet of Russia, V.Sorokin. D.Mahatova.Talented head teachers worked at school , such as N.A.Nelyubina, P.V.Moniev, D.P.Azheeev, M.F. Bazhenov, I.P.Dunaev, N.S.Makarova.